Microbiology test
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | The energy currency of cells. Hydrolysis of its unstable phosphate bonds can be used to power endergonic (energy-consuming) reactions.
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| Anabolism | Processes that utilize energy stored in ATP to synthesize and assemble the subunits (building blocks) of macromolecules that make up the cell; biosynthesis.
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| Catabolism | Process that harvest energy released during the breakdown of compounds such as glucose, using it to synthesize ATP.
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| Electron Transport Chain | Group of membrane-embedded electron carriers that pass electrons from one to another, and, in the process, move protons across the membrane to create a proton motive force.
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| Enzyme | A protein that functions as a catalyst, speeding up a biological reaction.
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| Fermentation | Metabolic process that stops short of oxidizing glucose or other organic compounds completely, using an organic intermediate such as pyruvate or a derivative as a terminal electron acceptor.
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Synthesis of ATP using the energy of a proton motive force created by harvesting chemical energy.
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| Photophosphorylation | Synthesis of ATP using the energy of a proton motive force created by harvesting radiant energy.
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| Precursor Metabolites | Metabolites intermediates that can either be used to make the subunitd of macromolecules, or be oxidized to generate ATP.
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| Proton Motive Force | Form of energy generated as an electron transport chain moves protons across a membrane, creating a chemiosmotic gradient
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| Respiration | Process that involves transfer of electrons stripped from a chemical energy source to an electron transport chain, generating a proton motive force that is then used to synthesize ATP.
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| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation | Synthesis of ATP using the energy released in an exergonic (energy-releasing) chemical reaction.
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| Terminal Electron Acceptor | Chemical such as O2 that is ultimately reduced as a consequence of fermentation or respiration.
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| Anoxygenic Phototrophs | Photosynthetic organisms that do not produce O2
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| Chemolithotroph | An organism that harvests energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals.
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| Chemoorganotroph | An organism that harvests energy by oxidizing organic chemicals.
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| Chemotroph | An organism that harvests energy by oxidizing chemicals.
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| Cyanobacteria | Gram-negative oxygenic phototrophs; genetically related to chloroplasts.
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| Lactic Acid Bacteria | Gram-positive bacteria that gernate lactic acid as a major end product of their fermentative metabolism.
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| Methanogens | Archea that obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas, using CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor, thereby generating methane.
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| Myxobacteria | Gram-negative bacteria that congregate to form complex structures called fruiting bodies.
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| Nitrifiers | Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonia or nitrate.
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| Oxygenic Phototrophs | Photosynthetic organisms that produce O2
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| Prosthecate Bacteria | Grame-negative bacteria that have extensions projecting from the cells, thereby increasing their surface area.
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| Spirochetes | Long helical bacteria that have flexible cell walls and axial filaments.
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| Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria | Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds, thereby generating sulfuric acid.
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| Alga | A unicellular or simple multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotic organism.
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| Arthropod | Taxonomic grouping of invertebrate animals that includes insects, ticks, live, and mites.
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| Convergent Evolution | Process of evolution when two genetically different organism develop similar environment adaptations.
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| Eucarya | Name of the domain comprising eukaryotic organisms.
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| Fungus | A non-photosynrhetic eukaryotic organism.
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| Helminth | A parasitic worm.
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| Nematode | Roundworm.
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| Neurotoxin | Toxin that damages the nervous system.
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| Phytoplankton | Floating and swimming algae and photosynthetic Prokaryotic organisms of lakes and oceans
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| Polymorphic | Having different distinct forms.
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| Protozoa | Group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms.
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| Toxin | Poisonous Chemical substance.
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| Trematodes | Flatworms known also as flukes.
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| yeasts | Unicellular Fungi
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| Bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria; often shortened to phage.
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| Burst Size | Number of newly formed virus particles released from a single cell following virus replication.
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| Carrier Cells | Cells that are capable of releasing virus particles without being killed by the virus.
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| Host | The organism infected by the virus.
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| Latent State | The state of phage when its DNA is integrated into the genome of the host.
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| Lysogen | A bacterium that carries phage DNA (the prophage) integrated into its genome.
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| Lysogenic Conversion | The change in properties of a bacterium as a result of carrying a prophage. The phage DNA codes for the new properties.
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| Maturation | The stage in viral replication in which the various components of the virion assemble to form a whole virion; also termed assembly.
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| Productive Infection | Virus infection in which more virus particles are produced as a result of infection.
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| Prophage | Phage DNA that is integrated into the genome of a host.
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| Temperate Phage | A phage that has the ability to integrate its DNA into the chromosome of the host.
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| Virion | A complete virus in its inert non-replicating form.
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