Arkansas Tech - Plant Pathology
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| When was the first plant mycoplasma discovered? | 1960s
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| Do mycoplasmas have a cell wall? | YES
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| Who cultured a mycoplasma in 1898 for the first time? | Rocard & Roux
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| Name two examples of mycoplasmas: | Tomato Big Bud
Aster Yellow
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| Who treated Aster Yellow with tetracycline in 1967? | Doi & Ishii
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| When they are young, mycoplasmas resemble a ______________. | fungus
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| Mycoplasmas don't have a true cell membrane. It is actually a _____________. | 3-layered membrane
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| pleomorphic | assumes many different shapes
(mycoplasma cells are pleomorphic)
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| Mycoplasmas stain what color? | Red (gram -)
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| What do mycoplasmas look like in culture? | a fried egg
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| How are mycoplasmas transmitted in the field? | leaf-hoppers
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| Do antibiotics work on mycoplasmas? | yes - but only during treatment
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| L-phase is a variant of what? | bacteria
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| Some bacteria can shift to the L-phase when they are exposed to ____________. | UV light
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| What microbe was first observed in L-phase? | Streptobacillus moniliformis
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| Why won't penicilan work on a bacteria in L-phase? | It doesn't have a cell wall.
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| When were Rickettsia microorganisms discovered? | 1950s
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| How do Rickettsia stain? | Red (Gram -)
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| Name two Rickettsial diseases | Pierce's Disease of grape
Phony Peach (look great then crash)
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| Can Rickettsia be treated with penicillan? | YES
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| What type of cell wall do Rickettsia have? | a wavy cell wall
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| Describe Rickettsia | obligate parasite (must have a living host)
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| Do Spiroplasmas have a cell wall? | NO
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| Give an example of a Spiroplasma | Spiroplasma citri
(Citris Stubburn)
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| Describe what a Spiroplasma looks like. | coiled organism
pogo stick-like spring
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| Name the most economically important disease. | Fungi
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| Most fungi are _________________. | saprophytic (loves dead things)
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| How many fungal species cause plant diseases? | 8,000
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| Name the 4 main classes of fungi | Class Phycomycetes
Class Ascomycetes
Class Basidiomycetes
Class Deuteromycetes
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| Name some beneficial things fungi do: | break down dead material into fertile soil; used as medicine (penicillin); some are edible (mushrooms); fermentation (bread, wine, cheese, beer)
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| Most fungi will produce threads called __________. | filaments
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| thallus | simple plant body that does not have stems, roots or leaves; is the vegetative body of a fungus
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| hypha(e) | single thread of filament of a fungus thallus
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| septa | are cross-walls in hypha
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| septated hypha | hypha w/ cross-walls
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| non-septated hyphae | no cross-walls ("coenocytic")
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| a filament is the same thing as a __________ | hypha
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| describe a fungal cell: | a hypha segment bound on each side by a septa
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| How many nuclei does a fungal cell have? | can be uninucleate, binucleate, or multinucleate
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| mycelium | a mass of hyphae (but you can see the seperate hypha)
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| Rhizomorph | a thick interwoven strand of hyphae (like a mop); can't distinguish the individual hyphae
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| describe Rhizomorph dormancy | can go dormant when conditions are bad then resume growth when conditions are better
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| How do fungi reproduce sexually? | by a spore - a propogative unit that functions as a seed, but differs in that it does not contain a pre-formed embryo
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| How do fungi reproduce asexually? | by a spore inside the hyphae
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| chlamydospore | a spore inside the hyphae
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| Where was Dutch Elm Disease first discovered? | in Holland in early 1900
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| What is Dutch Elm Disease? | a fungus
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| Ceratocystis ulmi | Dutch Elm Disease
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| How did Dutch Elm Disease get to the U.S.? | first came to Cincinnati & Cleveland areas in 1930s in a horticulture trade show
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| Where is Dutch Elm Disease in the U.S. now? | all 50 states
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| What class is Dutch Elm Disease? | Class Ascomycetes
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| Name the Dutch Elm Disease's sexual fruiting structure: | perithecium
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| How can a healthy Elm tree get DED? | 1. a natural root graft
2. Bark Elm Beetle
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| Describe how the Bark Elm Beetle spreads DED: | beetle overwinters in vascular system of a diseased elm; female will lay eggs in xylem; eggs hatch and larvae will pupate and fly out, carrying fungus and feed on healthy trees
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| Name DED's internal symptoms: | 1. beetle gallery
2. brown xylem ring
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| Name DED's external symptoms: | 1. die-back at top
2. yellowing, sparse folliage
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| Name ways to control DED: | 1. cut & burn the tree
2. get a resistant cultivar ("American Liberty")
3. chemical barrier in the Chinese Elm
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| substrate | object on which a fungus grows and gets food
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| most primitive fungus | Class Phycomycetes
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| How many fungi are in class Ascomycetes? | 15,000
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| Describe the hyphae in class Phycomycetes. | coenocytic - hyphae have no cross-walls
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| hastoria | needle-like structure that enters leaf and then opens up to start feeding
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| zygospore | sexual reproductive structure for class Phycomycetes
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| conidiospore | asexual reproductive structure for class Phycomycetes
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| water molds and pond scum in this class | Phycomycetes
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| How many fungi are in class Phycomycetes? | 1400
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| Describe the hyphae in class Ascomycetes | hyphae are septated
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| "sac" fungi | class Ascomycetes
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| ascus | sexual fruiting structure in class Ascomycetes
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| describe what an ascus looks like | hotdog bun with 8 sexual ascospores inside
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| stroma | a mass of hyphae with ascospores emerging
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| conidiospores on conidiophores | asexual reproductive structures in class Ascomycetes
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| Name 5 main asexual fruiting structures in class Ascomycetes | 1. free conidiospores/conidiophores
2. synemma
3. acervulus
4. sporodochium
5. pycnidium
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| synemma | dense group of compact conidiospores/conidiophores
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| acervulus | depressed structure, lined w/ conidiospores and conidiophores
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| an example of a fungus with an acervulus | Venturia inaequalis (Apple Scab)
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| sporodochium | cushion-like mass bearing asexual conidiospores/conidiophores (looks like a short synemma)
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| pycnidium | flask-like structure lined w/ asexual conidiospores/conidiophores
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| Name the two sexual subclasses in class Ascomycetes | Subclass Hemiascomycetes
Subclass Euascomycetes
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| ostiole | opening of the flask-shaped pycnidium
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| Describe subclass Hemiascomycetes | 1.oddball
2.sexual ascospores inside an "invisible" ascus (hotdog bun)
3. ascospores are stacked up
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| give an example of subclass Hemiascomycetes | Taphrina deformans
"Peach leaf curl"
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| name the three groups/series in subclass Euascomycetes | 1. Series Pyrenomycetes
2. Series Plectomycetes
3. Series Discomycetes
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| perithecium | flask-shaped structure filled w/ sexual ascospores in series Pyrenomycetes
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| give an example of something with a perithecium | Venturia inaequalis
Apple Scab
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| cleistothecium | a closed structure filled with sexual ascospores
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| an example of something with a cleistothecium | Erisiphe graminis
Powdery mildew
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| apothecium | depressed area with upright ascospores
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| an example of something with an apothecium | Sclerotinia fructicola
Brown Rot (of stone fruit)
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| Name 2 subclasses of class Basidiomycetes | 1. subclass Heterobasidiomycetes
2. subclass Homobasidiomycetes
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| describe class Basidiomycetes | septated hyphae; has sexual fruiting structure called a Basidium
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| describe the basidium in subclass Heterobasidiomycetes | basidium will be divided into cells or deeply fingered
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| sterigma | little launching pad that the sexual basidiospore is attached to (on a basidium)
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| Name 2 orders under subclass Heterobasidiomycetes | 1. order Uredinales
2. order Ustilaginales
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| Rust fungi | order Uredinales
ex: Puccinia Gymnosporangium
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| Smut fungi | order Ustilaginales
ex: Tilletia
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| mushrooms and puffballs | subclass Homobasidiomycetes
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| describe the basidium in subclass Homobasidiomycetes | it is 1 cell (not divided)
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| Name 2 orders under subclass Homobasidiomycetes | 1. order Polyporales
2. order Agaricales
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| gill fungi | order Agaricales
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| describe a rust | obligate parasites
can produce 5 different spore forms
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| macrocyclic | rust producing all 5 spores
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| microcyclic | rust producing less than all 5 types of spores
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| stroma | mass of hyphae in ascomycetes
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| sorus | mass of hyphae in basidiomycetes
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| rust that needs only 1 host plant | autoecious rust
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| rust that needs 2 host plants | heteroecious rust
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| describe smuts | fungus; saprophyte (love dead stuff); most are host-specific AND plant-part specific
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| classify smuts | class Basidiomycetes
subclass Heterosidiomycetes
order Ustilaginales
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| rusts and smuts are found in what class? | class Basidiomycetes
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| teliospores | asexual spores in smuts .........
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| smut symptoms can be _____________ | localized OR systemic
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| give an example of a smut | Tilletia
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| Class of Fungi Imperfecti? | Class Deuteromycetes
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| 2nd class organisms | Fungi Imperfecti
Class Deuteromycetes
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| why is Class Deuteromycetes called 2nd class organisms? | have no sexual stage
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| leaf-spotting fungus | Class Deuteromycetes
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| Name the 4 form-orders of class Deuteromycetes | 1. Form-order Sphaeropsidales
2. Form-order Melanconiales
3. Form-order Moniliales
4. Form-order Mycelia Sterilia
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| when was the electron microscope invented? | 1933
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| What is the asexual structure in form-order Sphaeropsidales? | pycnidium
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| Phoma Septoria Diplodia | Form-order Sphaeropsidales
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| What asexual structure is found in form-order Melanconiales? | acervulus
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| Colletotrichum | an example of form-order Melanconiales
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| the wilts | found in form-order Moniliales
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| What asexual fruiting structure is found in form-order Moniliales? | free, synemma and sporodochium
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| sclerotium | mass of hyphae; found in form-order Mycelia Sterilia
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| define "virus" | poison (Latin)
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| first person to transmit a virus | Mayer; Tobacco Mosaic Virus
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| first thing identified from a virus | Tulip Color Break
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| who found Tulip Color Break? | Clusius; 1576
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| Who was the first person to crystallize a virus? | Stanley; 1935
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| Describe a virus | ultra-microscopic
inner-core is nucleic acid
outer shell is protein
obligate parasite
will enter a plant passively
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| Describe 3 virus shapes: | 1. rigid rod
2. flexous rod
3. icosahedron (20-sided)
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| Describe virus symptoms | 1.local (like ring spot)
2. systemic (gets in xylem & phloem - yellowing or stunting)
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| masked symptom - virus | plant is infected, has no symptoms until a variable like temperature is changed. Then symptom shows up.
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| symptomless carrier - virus | plant never shows any symptoms, but is a carrier and can transmit the virus
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| Name all virus symptoms | yellowing, stunting, mosaic/molting, ringspot, leaf-curling, excessive branching; vein-clearing, enations
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| enations | little bumps, caused by virus
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| synergism in viruses | Virus A + Virus B = Virus C w/ new symptoms
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| cross-protection | plant makes antibodies in response to exposure to avirulent strain; will protect against virulent strain
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| Describe virus infection process: | virus is passive until enters host; protein coat will unravel; nucleic acid is the infectious part; nucleic acid will take over activity of host plant nucleus; cell makes more virus particles
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