Pituitary and Thyroid Diseases
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| Hyperfunction | due to prolonged hyperstimulation
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| Hypofunction | due to destruction of secretory cells
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| Tumors | most common cause of endocrine pathologies
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| Prolactinomas | due to pituitary hyperfunction; tumors of prolactin-secreting cells
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| Amenorrhea | lack of menstruation; symptom of prolactinomas
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| Galactorrhea | spontaneous milk secretion; symptom of prolactinomas
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| Bromocriptine | dopamine analog (inhibits PRL); pharmacological treatment of prolactinomas
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| Somatotropic adenomas | tumors of hGH producing cells
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| Gigantism | hyperstimulation of longitudinal skeletal growth; symptom of somatotropic adenomas
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| Acromegaly | enlarged fingers, hands, toes, feet, nose, tongue, sloped forehead, protruding jaw & enlarged inner organs; symtom of somatotropic adenomas
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| Corticotropic adenomas | tumors of ACTH-secreting cells
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| Tumors of TSH, LH, FSH-secreting cells | symptom of somatotropic adenomas
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| Pituitary hypofunction | congenital disorder; tumors, ischemia
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| Panhypopituitarism | Simmond's disease; due to low levels of pituitary secretions; all cells affected
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| Diabetes insipidus | due to lack of ADH caused by destructive lesions in the hypothalamus, infundibulum and/or posterior pituitary
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| Parafollicular C cells | produce calcitonin
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| Follicular cells | produce thyroid hormones T3 and T4
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| Triiodothyronine | T3
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| Thyroxine | T4
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| Thyrotoxicosis | hyperthyroidism
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| Grave's disease | autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies to TSH receptors; etiology of hyperthyroidism
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| Nodular goiter | enlarged and nodular thyroid gland; etiology of hyperthyroidism
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| Toxic adenoma | "hot nodules" on radioactive scans; etiology of hyperthyroidism
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| exogenous thyroid medication | etiology of hyperthyroidism
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| exophthalmos | bulging eyes; symptom of Grave's disease
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| Hypothyroidism | due to developmental defects, thyroiditis, thyroidectomy or iodine deficiency
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| Thyroiditis | immune-mediated inflammation of the thyroid gland where lymphocytes destroy thyroid follicles
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| Thyroidectomy | removal of tumor
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| Iodine deficiency | associated with goiter in hypothyroidism due to compensatory follicular hyperplasia
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| Cretinism | retarded mental development due to lack of thyroid hormones
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| Nodular goiter | due to functional disturbance (e.g., Grave's disease), iodine deficiency or neoplasms
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| Adenomas | thyroid neoplasms found in 3-4% of adults
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| Carcinomas | rare thyroid neoplasms with only 3-4/100,000 cases per year
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| Papillary carcinoma | thyroid neoplasm that is slow progressing and hormonally inactive; 80% of cases
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| Follicular carcinoma | more aggressive thyroid neoplasm, but good prognosis; 15% of cases
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| Medullary carcinoma | C-cell carcinoma of thyroid; genetic link
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| Anaplastic carcinoma | rare & extremely deadly thyroid neoplasm
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Created by:
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