ENDOCRINE SYSTEM I
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| What comprises the endocrine system? | All the glands that secrete hormones
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| What are the two major cummincation systems of the body? | Nervous and endocrine sytem
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| What are hormones? | chemical messengers
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| How are they transferred? | Through blood
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| What is their goal? | To bind to receptors
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| What is the purpose of the endocrine sytem? | To regulate the activites of organs and cells to maintain homeostasis, adapt to stress, promote growth and development, and reproduction
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| How many hormones can a gland release? | Multiple ones
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| How many glands can make a certain hormone? | several glands can make a particular hormone
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| Is the hypothalamus a gland? | Yep
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| Whare are the three chemical classes of hormones? | Amines, peptides and proteins, and steroids
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| What do amines include? What is their solubility? | Amines are like Epinephrine and norephinephrine, which are water soluble
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| What is the standard condition in which you would find peptides and proteins? | dissolved in plasma water
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| In what way are they first made? | They are made as larger pro-hormones that are cleaved to activate function
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| What are steroid hormones derived from? | cholestrol
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| What do hormones that are steroid hormones end with? | --one
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| What organs produce steroid hormones? | adrenal cortex and gonads, and by placenta during pregnancy
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| How do steroid hormones circulate? Why? | Bound to plasma proteins b/c they are lipids
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| Whare are they composed of structurally? | Four ring base
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| How many adrenal glands do we have? | Two
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| What does the adrenal meddulla secrete? | Amine hormones of EPI and NE
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| What does the adrenal cortex secrete? | steroid hormones
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| ADRENAL CORTEX ZONES | ADRENAL CORTEX ZONES
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| What does the zona glomerulosa release? | Aldosterone
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| What does the zona fasciculata release? | Cortisol and adronogens
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| END ZONES | END ZONES
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| What's the purpose of aldostrone? | Has a role in the kidney's handling of Sodium, potasiumand hydrogen
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| What is it AKA? | mineralocorticoid
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| What is the role of cortisol? | Has an effect on glucose metabolism and is a stress hormone
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| What is it AKA? | glucorticoid
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| GONADS | GONADS
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| What are the gonands? | Ovaries and testes
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| What are ovaries? | Produce estrogen and progestrone and small amts of testrastrone
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| What are teh testes? | Produce mainly testostrone and can convert testrostrone into estrogen in some target tissues
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| What are the target tissues? | Bone
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| Why is estrogen important? | In bone strenght
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| What is the purpose of the kidneys and the liver? | remove hormones from the plasma by metabolizing or extreting them
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| How long do peptides and most amine hormones hang out in the blood? | Not very long; they are rapidly removed from the blood
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| What hormones do hang out in the blood for a while? Why? | Steroid and throid hormines because they are insoluble
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| INSOLUBLE HORMONES | INSOLUBLE HORMONES
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| What are the majority of insoluble hormones in the blood? | Steroid and thyroid hormones bound to other protiens
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| When part of them is active? | Small, unbound fraction is active
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| How would one measure hormone levels? | Measure the amount of UNBOUND HORMONE, not TOTAL HOMRONE
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| How would an endocrine cell that is not activated be transmitted? | Extreted by endocrine cell, becomes a plasma hormone, and inactivated by metabolism or extreted
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| What is the pathway of a hormone that is activated? | Released by endocrine cell, becomes a plasma hormone, can be activated by metabolism, and binds to receptor and produces a cellular response upon a target cell
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| What is needed to be present on a target cell for the cell to respond to hormone? | There must be specific hormone receptors on the cell
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| Where do peptide hormones and catecholamines bind? why? | ON the plasm membrane b/c they are water soluble
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| Where do steroid and thyroid hormones bind? | INSIDE their target cells since they are lipid soluble and can readily cross plasma membrane
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| What is permissiveness? | How hormones can up-regulate or down regulate their own receptrs and those of other hormones
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| SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION OF HORMONES | SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION OF HORMONES
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| How do peptides and catecholamines get tranducted? | Via signal transduction pathways on the PM
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| steroid and thyroid hormones? | They bind INSIDE the cell and the complex then binds to DNA in the nucleus and induces transcription
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| What can alter the rate of secretion of a hormone? | Ions or nutrients, neurotransmitters and other hormones
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| What is an example of when ions or nutrient concentration in plasm is regulating secretion of a hormone? | When plasma glucose regulates insulin release
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| How would neurotransmitters control hormone secretion rate? | The ANS, especially the hyptohalmic and posterior pitutitary hormones can secrete hromones to control other glands
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| How would other homones control hormone secretion? | By the GI tract
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