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PHYS2
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What comprises the endocrine system? | All the glands that secrete hormones |
| What are the two major cummincation systems of the body? | Nervous and endocrine sytem |
| What are hormones? | chemical messengers |
| How are they transferred? | Through blood |
| What is their goal? | To bind to receptors |
| What is the purpose of the endocrine sytem? | To regulate the activites of organs and cells to maintain homeostasis, adapt to stress, promote growth and development, and reproduction |
| How many hormones can a gland release? | Multiple ones |
| How many glands can make a certain hormone? | several glands can make a particular hormone |
| Is the hypothalamus a gland? | Yep |
| Whare are the three chemical classes of hormones? | Amines, peptides and proteins, and steroids |
| What do amines include? What is their solubility? | Amines are like Epinephrine and norephinephrine, which are water soluble |
| What is the standard condition in which you would find peptides and proteins? | dissolved in plasma water |
| In what way are they first made? | They are made as larger pro-hormones that are cleaved to activate function |
| What are steroid hormones derived from? | cholestrol |
| What do hormones that are steroid hormones end with? | --one |
| What organs produce steroid hormones? | adrenal cortex and gonads, and by placenta during pregnancy |
| How do steroid hormones circulate? Why? | Bound to plasma proteins b/c they are lipids |
| Whare are they composed of structurally? | Four ring base |
| How many adrenal glands do we have? | Two |
| What does the adrenal meddulla secrete? | Amine hormones of EPI and NE |
| What does the adrenal cortex secrete? | steroid hormones |
| ADRENAL CORTEX ZONES | ADRENAL CORTEX ZONES |
| What does the zona glomerulosa release? | Aldosterone |
| What does the zona fasciculata release? | Cortisol and adronogens |
| END ZONES | END ZONES |
| What's the purpose of aldostrone? | Has a role in the kidney's handling of Sodium, potasiumand hydrogen |
| What is it AKA? | mineralocorticoid |
| What is the role of cortisol? | Has an effect on glucose metabolism and is a stress hormone |
| What is it AKA? | glucorticoid |
| GONADS | GONADS |
| What are the gonands? | Ovaries and testes |
| What are ovaries? | Produce estrogen and progestrone and small amts of testrastrone |
| What are teh testes? | Produce mainly testostrone and can convert testrostrone into estrogen in some target tissues |
| What are the target tissues? | Bone |
| Why is estrogen important? | In bone strenght |
| What is the purpose of the kidneys and the liver? | remove hormones from the plasma by metabolizing or extreting them |
| How long do peptides and most amine hormones hang out in the blood? | Not very long; they are rapidly removed from the blood |
| What hormones do hang out in the blood for a while? Why? | Steroid and throid hormines because they are insoluble |
| INSOLUBLE HORMONES | INSOLUBLE HORMONES |
| What are the majority of insoluble hormones in the blood? | Steroid and thyroid hormones bound to other protiens |
| When part of them is active? | Small, unbound fraction is active |
| How would one measure hormone levels? | Measure the amount of UNBOUND HORMONE, not TOTAL HOMRONE |
| How would an endocrine cell that is not activated be transmitted? | Extreted by endocrine cell, becomes a plasma hormone, and inactivated by metabolism or extreted |
| What is the pathway of a hormone that is activated? | Released by endocrine cell, becomes a plasma hormone, can be activated by metabolism, and binds to receptor and produces a cellular response upon a target cell |
| What is needed to be present on a target cell for the cell to respond to hormone? | There must be specific hormone receptors on the cell |
| Where do peptide hormones and catecholamines bind? why? | ON the plasm membrane b/c they are water soluble |
| Where do steroid and thyroid hormones bind? | INSIDE their target cells since they are lipid soluble and can readily cross plasma membrane |
| What is permissiveness? | How hormones can up-regulate or down regulate their own receptrs and those of other hormones |
| SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION OF HORMONES | SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION OF HORMONES |
| How do peptides and catecholamines get tranducted? | Via signal transduction pathways on the PM |
| steroid and thyroid hormones? | They bind INSIDE the cell and the complex then binds to DNA in the nucleus and induces transcription |
| What can alter the rate of secretion of a hormone? | Ions or nutrients, neurotransmitters and other hormones |
| What is an example of when ions or nutrient concentration in plasm is regulating secretion of a hormone? | When plasma glucose regulates insulin release |
| How would neurotransmitters control hormone secretion rate? | The ANS, especially the hyptohalmic and posterior pitutitary hormones can secrete hromones to control other glands |
| How would other homones control hormone secretion? | By the GI tract |
Created by:
talkglitter2486