Some Basic Chemistry
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| elements | substance made up of only one type of atom
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| atom | smallest unit of an element (smallest unit to maintain the properties of that element)
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| proton | sub atomic particle with a positive charge
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| neutron | sub atomic particle with a negative charge
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| electron | sub atomic particle with no electircal charge
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| atomic number | number of protons in an atom (used to identify the element)
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| atomic weight | number of protons plus number of neutrons
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| bond | the connection between atoms in a molecule
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| energy levels | orbitals of electrons around neucleous
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| ionic bond | bond that is formed by the loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of electrons by another
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| valence | electrical charge
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| ion | an atom involved in a ionic bond
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| salt | a molecule made of ions other than OH- and H+
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| cations | ions with a positive sharge
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| anions | ions with a negative charge
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| aqueous solution | water solvent
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| ionize (dissociation) | chemical reaction resulting in ions
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| synthesis | chemical reaction resulting in combining ions
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| covalent bonds | bond that shares electrons between two atoms
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| disulfide bonds | covalent bond between two atoms of sulfur
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| hydrogen bond | the attraction between the proton of an atom with a covalent hydrogen with slightly negative atoms
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| water composition in the body | 60 %to 75%
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| solvent | liquid that is capable of disolving
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| solutes | substance capable of being dissolved
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| intracellular fluid (ICF) | water within cells
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| extracellular fluid (ECF) | water surrounding cells
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| plasma | water found in blood vessels ECF
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| lymph | water found in lymphatic vessels ECF
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| interstitial fluid | water found in small spaces between cells ECF
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| specialized fluid | examples- synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor, etc. ECF
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| acidosis | accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood
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| cell respiration | chemical reaction responsible for energy production in cells
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| trace elements | elements that are needed by the body in small amounts
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| acid | substance that increases the concentration of H+
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| base | substance that decreases the concentration of H+
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| pH | parts hydrogen, scale for measuring H+ content
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| buffer system | chemical(s) that minimize changes in pH by reacting with strong acids of strong bases
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| carbohydrates | sugars that act as a source of energy
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| monosaccharides | single sugar
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| hexose | six carbon sugar ex. glucose
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| pentose | five carbon sugar, not used for energy but are a part of nucleic acids
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| disaccharides | double sugars made of made of two monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds
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| oligosaccharides | consists of from 3 to 20 monosaccharides found on outer surfaces of cells and act as antigens
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| polysaccharides | thousands of glucose molecules bonded in different ways
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| starches | branched chaines of glucose produced by plant cells to store energy
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| glycogen | highly branched chain of glucose used for storing unneeded glucose kept in liver and skeletal muscles
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| cellulose | a nearly straight chain of glucose molecules produced by plant cells as part of thier cell walls, undigestibe by humans, aids in digestion
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| fiber | another term for cellulose
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| peristalsis | the muscle contraction of the large intestine that propels waste from the body
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| lipids | organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sometimes phosphorus
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| true fats | one molecule of glycerol and one, two, or three fatty acid molecules
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| triglyceride | three fatty acid molecules and bonded to a single glycerol
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| phospholipid | diglyceride with a phosphate group
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| lecithin | a phospholipid that is part of cell membranes
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| myelin | phospholipid that forms the sheath surrounding nerve cells
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| steroids | a type of lipid
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| cholesterol | a steroid that is made of four rings fo carbon and hydrogen, produced in liver and used is used in cell membranes
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| proteins | made of amino acids
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| amino acids | building blocks of proteins made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
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| peptide bond | a bond between two amino acids
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| polypeptide | short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
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| enzymes | a catalyst for reactions in the body
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| catalysts | speed up chemical reactions without the need for an external source fo energy
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| active site theory | theory that explaines how enzymes and the molecules interact based on shapes of attachment sites
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| substrates | molecules involved in a reaction catalyzed by enzymes
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| dentured | enzyme that has lost its shape and is no longer useful as a catalyst
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| DNA | double helix of nucleotids that store our genetic code makes up the chromosomes in the nucleous of a cell
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| nucleotide | a pentose sugar, phosphate froup and one of several nitrogenous bases
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| ATP | a nucleotide formed in cell respiraiton, body's primary energy transport
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