Study guide for exam 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Define Society | Group of people organized in some fashion.
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| Define Culture | Value system of society, ideas and beliefs of that society
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| Define Civilization | A society in which many people will live in towns or cities, they build monumental structures, have writing system through which they communicate, mastered the art of smelting metal.
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| Where was Mesopotamia located | Between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. (Modern day Iraq)
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| River Valley Civilizations: | Mesopotamia.
Egypt-Nile river
India-Indus & Ganges River
China- Yellow River
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| Define Pre-historic (Pre-literate) | time before the invention of writing.
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| Define Artifacts | Left behind tools, weapons, paintings, pottery and fossils.
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| Define Bipedalism | When humans started to stand up and walk on 2 feet
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| What is the date that was considered the beginning of Civ. | 3500 BC
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| What did most cultures include? | A system of justice: gov't with some democratic traits, extremely strong religious influence, very superstitious.
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| Define Animism | belief that all things in nature, living and non-living, have a spirit.
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| Define Paleolithic | Old stone age, 400,000-7,000 BC
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| Greatest paleolithic achievement? | Art-animated, realistic paintings.
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| Cave paintings were found where? | Northern spain, SW of france.
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| Define Mesolithic age | Transitional period. 10,000 BC. Adapt to changes, live along coast, fishing.
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| Define Neolithic age | New stone age. Learning to chip shaped stones to have a more effective tool. A.k.a. Neolithic revolution.
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| Mount Carmel Caves/Palestine | Lived in caves, known as narufians. oldest city-Jericho.
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| The city of Jarmo | Tiny village, foothills in mountain. Modern day northern Iraq, 6000 BC. Pop 200-300. Place where food production began.
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| Mesopotamia | modern day Iraq. between Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Earliest writing, cities, laws. agriculture. Babylon. Site of garden of Eden (northern tip of Kuwait).Dominates old testament of the bible. influenced by Jewish culture.
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| City of Ur in Mesopotamia | Birthplace of Abraham. City of half a million people.
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| People of Sumer | Sumerians
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| Sumer | Begins 3000 BC. First to have writing system. Irrigation systems.Fertile lands. Swampy, hard to grow crops. Social classes develop. Very superstitious.
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| Arbitrary gods | Force of nature
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| City states | city and a nation all in one, independent, un-united.
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| Who were the Presley class | Rulers
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| Ziggurat | City states of Ur dominated by a temple.
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| Hierarchy (term economy) | Ruled by Presley class. Lower level of ziggurat-stables,grain storage, how people pay taxes. Priests in charge of it.
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| Deities | symbols of immortality
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| Describe Mesopotamian religion | religion tied to agriculture. Afraid of their gods.
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| Enlil | God of wind or whirlwind.
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| Enki | God of water.
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| Ishtar | Female goddess of fertility (crops).
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| Sumerian contributions | Invented potters wheel, wagon wheel,plow, sailboat, number system. learned to smelt metal. 1st prescriptions. most important: writing system.
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| What was the first kind of writing Sumerians developed? | pictorial. land deeds
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| Cunei form | wedge shape on wet clay. form of writing for next 2000 years.
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| Epic of Gilgamesh | legendary king of Sumer. Idea that man is looking for immortality. sexual theme. Snake(serpent)-villain. oldest intact epic.
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| Patesi | priest.
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| Ensi | prime minister.
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| Lugals | Big man, military man, becomes most powerful to take over everything.
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| Sargon I | Concurs Sumer, 1st monarch. Lugal for Akkad.
Burned and destroyed city of Ur. 200 years of chaos, no unity.
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| Hammurabi | Amarite prince, re-unifies. Creates a great empire. Capital at Babylon (mid-euphrates river), people called Babylonians.
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| Hammurabi law code | greatest contribution, engraved on stela stone. the law differs according to the social status of the offender. the punishment designed to fit the crime. over 200 laws.
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| Ancient Egypt location | Nile river
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| Nomes | 42, egypt divided into political units
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| 2 kingdoms | lower egypt-20 nomes
upper egypt 22 nomes
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| menes or narmes | unification of egypt
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| Old kingdom/pyramid age | 2700-2200 bc
dyn 3-6
time of absolute pharaohs
absolute power, great building
Capital-memphis (delta area)
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| founder of dynasty 3 | zoser or djoser-divine ruler for 50 yrs. ist permsnent monument constructed for zoser, built at saccara.
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| what is the oldest egyptian monument | great stepped tomb (modern day kairo)
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| who was Zoser's vizier? | Imhotep, an architect, physician. "right hand man"
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| Mastaba | Rectangular stepped tomb.
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| Pyramids | Indicate the strength of a powerful agriculture economy. belief in after-life of pharoah
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| Why did the old kingdom decline? | depleted treasury because of pyramids, bankrupt.
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| Middle Kingdom (Feudal Age) | Pharoah shares power with nobility (nomarks)
decentralization
no longer absolute
Share power w new military aristocracy
Pharoah is considered God.
Change in authory, internal warfare.
Bankrupt.
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| Mentohotep IV (Akhenaton)dyn. 11 | Most important pharoah of dyn 11, last.
decided not to be buried in delta area. buried upper egypt @thebes.
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| Amonemhet dyn 12 | highly organized, well administered.
before death, son took over as coregent. buried down in thebes, becomes new center of worship, capital (valley of kings and queens). no more great pyramids. commoners begin to believe in immortality.
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| Amon-re | Composite deity. new sun god. harsh, militaristic sun god. represents hot desert sun, militaristic time.
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| Hyksos | area from palestine. invades egypt. brings the wheel, horse, metal tipped weapons. foreginers rule.
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| New kingdom | building again. Pharaohs pretty sucessful. much larger not as powerful as old kingdom. external threars to egypt. incompetent pharaohs, incapable administrations. nomarks become more powerful. alot of religious problems. polytheistic. priests of amon re
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| Pharoah Ramses II | decides to be great builder: karnak, luxor.introduces slavery. wants to build a city after him.
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| Indo-European | Of or relating to the family of languages spoken over the greater part of Europe and Asia as far as northern India
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| Hittite Capital | Hattusas
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| Hittite civ. | Anatolia(Asia minor/turkey). militaristic civ. palaces, temples, royal library. borrowed from those who they conquered.
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| Old kingdom Hittite | feudalism, lots of war. everything revolved around king-warrior chief. share power w fellow warriors. king made all sacrifices to god, may become deity after death. couldnt handle chaos.
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| Pankesh | advisory body made up of all the great warriors.
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| Hittite new kingdom | King telepimus creates it-creates a law code based on Hammurabi. loyal military. unified states. conquer. large beuracracy, big library, absolute kings-in charge of everything. pankosh becomes representative. production of iron. architecture is massive
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| King suppililiumus new kingdom | stable growth. lots of development. expansion new kingdom goes to son after death, everything falls apart.
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| Gods Hittite | Belief in many gods. female earth gods Mesopotamia, uranic gods-male sky gods. lighting, thunder.
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| teshub | main sky god
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| Telepina | missing god, slot to put any god in.
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| Ancient hebrews civ | middle-eastern. Canaan
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| Pentateuch/Torah | 1st 5 books of old testament, religious history
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| habiru | biblical Hebrews
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| Abraham | merchant, lived in Ur, started to migrate north along Euphrates river(age of patriarchs) long time to get to Canaan. first patriarch
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| Israelites. | Abraham and descendants.
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| Moses | brought up in royal kingdom. lead Hebrews out of Egypt. united under spiritual leadership of Moses.
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| Yahweh (Jehovah) | single god worshiped by all Hebrew people. covenant.
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| Saul | 1st king, good warrior, bad administrator. leader of all tribes.
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| King David | unified Israel.
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| Solomon | absolute ruler. great builder-temple of Jerusalem. after Solomon, Israel splits.
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| Contributions Hebrews | belief in monotheism-1 god. Judaism: Islam, Christianity. old testament. law code-10 commandments.
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