Children's Developmental Psychology
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child Development | Field of study in which researchers from many disciplines work to describe and understand the important changes that take place as children grow through childhood
🗑
|
||||
| Physical Development | Component of development related to growth in size, strength, and muscle coordination
🗑
|
||||
| Cognitive development | Component of development related to changes in how children perceive, think, remember, solve problems, and communicate
🗑
|
||||
| Socioemotional development | Component of development related to changes in how children interact with other people (e.g., family members, peers, and playmates) and manage their emotions
🗑
|
||||
| Nature | The biological forces (genetics) that govern development
🗑
|
||||
| Nurture | the environmental conditions and supports that affect development
🗑
|
||||
| Behavior Genetics | Field of study that compares the influence of genetics (nature) to the influence of learning and the environment (nurture), and examines how these forces interact to influence development
🗑
|
||||
| reciprocal relationship | the idea that people influence children and their development, and children make choices and influence other people. Effects go both ways Example - a baby crying for water/food
🗑
|
||||
| Theory | An explanation of how facts fit together, allowing us to understand and predict behavior
🗑
|
||||
| Hypotheses | specific inferences drawn from theories; researchers test hypotheses by collecting scientific observations
🗑
|
||||
| Psychoanalitic Theories | Theories that focus on the structure of personality and how the conscious and unconscious portions of the self influence behavior and development Sigmund Freud
🗑
|
||||
| id | below the level of conscious awareness and represents the primitive sexual and aggressive instincts that humans inherited through evolution
🗑
|
||||
| ego | the rational branch of personality; it tries to negotiate realistic ways to satisfy the id's impulses
🗑
|
||||
| superego | represents the moral branch of personality and contains our ethical principles, ideals, and conscience
🗑
|
||||
| Psychosocial theory | Erik Erikson composed of 8 stages, and was a revision to Freuds Psychoanalytical theory. Erikson's theory focused more on healthy child development, especially the development of ego identity.
🗑
|
||||
| Cognitive Developmental Theory | Jean Piaget a theory that focuses on how children adjust their own understanding as they explore and learn about the world
🗑
|
||||
| Sociocultural theory | Lev Vygotsky A theory that focuses on how language and culture influence the growth of thought in child
🗑
|
||||
| Ethology | Konrad Lorenz - imprinting - goslings experiment An area of study focusing on the adaptive significance and survival value of behaviors
🗑
|
||||
| Neuropsychology | An area of study that focuses on the brain and nervous system, often involving technologies such as CT scans, PET, and MRI
🗑
|
||||
| Ecological Systems Theory | Urie Bronfenbrenner Theory focusing on the complex set of systems and interacting social layers that can affect children's development. Micro - family teachers Meso - School home Exo - Work government Macro - values laws customs Chrono - overall
🗑
|
||||
| Dynamic systems theory | No direct author Theories that use models from mathematics and physics to understand complex systems of development
🗑
|
||||
| scientific method | process by which researchers test hypotheses by making systematic observations
🗑
|
||||
| descriptive methods | research methods that describe a behavior of interest, such as how often it occurs and under what conditions
🗑
|
||||
| correlational method | research method that measures the degree to which two or more variables are related or associated
🗑
|
||||
| experiment | mothod by which researchers systematically manipulate an independent variable to determine if it causes a difference in a dependent variable
🗑
|
||||
| cross-sectional method | a type of research design that studies development by comparing groups of children of different ages against one another at the same point it time
🗑
|
||||
| longitudinal method | a type of research design that studies development by measuring or observing the same children across time as they grow and mature
🗑
|
||||
| Ethics in Research with Children | Risk Vs. Benefit = gain must be more worth the process Nonharmful procedures = can't be harmful Informed consent = explanation of process Unforeseen consequences = must correct any wrongs Confidentiality Implications of research
🗑
|
||||
| chromosome | strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules that contain the genetic codes.
🗑
|
||||
| DNA | two strands of molecules that twist around each other like a spiral staircase. Connected by a seris of nucleotide bases (adrenaline, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
🗑
|
||||
| Gene | a segment of DNA that provides an instruction for a particular structure, function, or trait
🗑
|
||||
| Human Genome Project | A multinational effort by governments and scientists to map the 3 billion pairs of nucleotide bases and the genes contained in human chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| fertilization | the union of the father's sperm cell with the mother's egg. yielding one fertilized cell with a unique combinations of genes along 46 chromosomes - 23 from father and mother
🗑
|
||||
| allele | an alternative version of a gene; alleles operate in pairs across matched chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| zygote | term used to refer to the human organism after the fertilized egg cell begins to divide
🗑
|
||||
| monozygotic (MZ) twins | Identical twins. These twins form when one zygote divides to make two zygotes
🗑
|
||||
| dizygotic (DZ) twins | Fraternal twins. These twins form when two eggs are fertilized by two different sperm cells
🗑
|
||||
| sex chromosomes | the 23rd pair of chromosomes (in humans), specialized to determine the sex of the child and other characteristics, M=XY F=XX
🗑
|
||||
| dominant-recessive ralationship | relationship between genes in which the dominant allele will govern a particular trait, and the recessive alllele will be repressed. To express a recessive trait, the individual needs to inherit two recessive alleles - one on each chromosome
🗑
|
||||
| X-linked (Sex-linked) traits | Traits that differ in rate of occurence between males and females, caused by dominant and recessive alleles on the X and Y Chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| Down Syndrome | Trisomy 21, a genetic disorder that occurs when there is an extra 21st chromosome. Lower IQ, Facial defects, heart problems, and shortened life span are characterisitic problems
🗑
|
||||
| Abnormalities in sex Chromosomes | XXY - Klinefelter - small testicles; learning problems, shyness XYY - Tall Stature/learning problems Trisomy X or XXX - Tall stature Turner Syndrome or X - Short, broad shouldered... etc., XX - sex reversal in males (XY) XY Females - Sex reversal
🗑
|
||||
| ultrasonography (ultrasound) | images of the fetus inside the mother's womb produced by sound waves. Ultrasound can be used to help physicians monitor fetal growth and detect physical defects
🗑
|
||||
| Amniocentesis | Procedure used to detect chromosomal and genetic abnormalities in the fetus. A needle is inserted through the mother's abdomen and uterus and into the amniotic sac, and fetal cells are withdrawn from the amniotic fluid
🗑
|
||||
| Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | Procedure to detect chromosomal and genetic abnormalities in the fetus. A catheter (tube) is inserted into the uterus and cells are taken from the chorionic layer of the placenta around the fetus.
🗑
|
||||
| GxE interaction | interacting effects of genetics and the environment on the development of traits and characteristics
🗑
|
||||
| genotype | the gentic code a person inherits
🗑
|
||||
| phenotype | observable trait a person shows, resulting in part from the genotype they inherit
🗑
|
||||
| range of reaction | the range of possible phenotypes that exist for a particular genotype
🗑
|
||||
| canalization | genetic limits on the effects of the environment. In experiential canalization, in contrast, it is the environment that limits the expression of genes
🗑
|
||||
| niche-picking | the tendency to pick activites and environements that fit with our genetic predispositions
🗑
|
||||
| probabilistic epigenesis | the likelihood that specific environmental conditions will activate specific genes that lead to particular traits or behavioral outcomes
🗑
|
||||
| heritability | a mathematical estimate of the degree of genetic influence for a given trait or behavior
🗑
|
||||
| shared environment | experiences and aspects of the environment that are common across all individuals who are living together
🗑
|
||||
| nonshared environment | experiences and aspects of the environemt that differ across people
🗑
|
||||
| twin studies | Comparisons between measurements of identical and fraternal twins, used to estimate the genetic contribution to traits and characteristics
🗑
|
||||
| adoption studies | Comparisons between measurements of children and their adoptive and biological parents used to estimate the genetic contribution to traits and characteristics
🗑
|
||||
| prenatal development | development of the organims that occurs before its birth
🗑
|
||||
| ovulation | release of an egg from the female ovary
🗑
|
||||
| differentiation | process that occurs during cell division in which each new cell, as it divides, is committed to becoming a particular structure and serving a particular function
🗑
|
||||
| germinal stage | the first stage of prenatal development, from conception to 2 weeks
🗑
|
||||
| implanation | process by which the zygote embeds itself into the inner ling of the mother's uterus
🗑
|
||||
| embryonic stage | the second stage of prenatal development, weeks 3-8. The embryo forms tissue representing every system and major part of the body
🗑
|
||||
| miscarriage | naturally occuring termination of a pregnancy before the baby is born alive
🗑
|
||||
| Cephalocaudal pattern | pattern of growth whereby areas in the head and upper body tend to form and grow before the areas in the lower body
🗑
|
||||
| proximodistal pattern | pattern of growth whereby areas closer to the center of the body tend to form and grow before the areas toward the extremities
🗑
|
||||
| critical periods | segments of time during which structures are first forming and are most vulnerable to damage
🗑
|
||||
| organogenesis | Organ formation: process whereby each major organ and system in the body differentiates within the embryo
🗑
|
||||
| fetal stage | the third and final stage of prenatal development, lasting from 8 weeks after conception until birth
🗑
|
||||
| teratogen | any substance or condition that might disrupt prenatal development and cause birth defects
🗑
|
||||
| premature | refers to babies who are born earlier or smaller than they should be
🗑
|
||||
| preterm birth | births that occur before 37 weeks of gestation
🗑
|
||||
| low birth weight | Weight less than 5.5 pounds at birth
🗑
|
||||
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | A syndrome of birth defects cause by prenatal exposure to alcohol. Includes growth deficiencies head and facial malformations, and central nervous system dysfunction
🗑
|
||||
| Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) | Individual or multiple birth defects caused by prenatal exposure to alchohol. Lowered IQ, hyperactivity, growth deficiencies, and physical malformations can exist alone or in combinations but not in a way that indicates FAS
🗑
|
||||
| Cesarean section | Surgical procedure in which the baby is removed through an incision made through the mother's abdomen and into the uterus
🗑
|
||||
| prepared childbirth | classes or training that typically provides education about labor and delivery, selective relaxation and controlled breathing, and the assistance of a labor coach to help mothers with childbirth
🗑
|
||||
| malpresentation | improper positioning of the fetus in the mother's uterus
🗑
|
||||
| fetal distress | a condition that indicates that the fetus is at risk; usually includes a sudden lack of oxygen, a change in fetal heart rate, and or a change in fetal respiration
🗑
|
||||
| apgar test | a breif assessment of the newborn conducted at 1 and 5 minutes after birth; used to identify newborns who are at risk and need medical attention
🗑
|
||||
| infant mortality | deaths that occur between birth and one year of age
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
shossle
Popular Psychology sets