AP Psychology vocabulary terms for the Prologue
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| Empiricism | The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
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| Structuralism | An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structures of the human mind.
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| Functionalism | A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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| Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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| Nature-Nurture Issue | The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
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| Natural Selection | The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
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| Basic Research | Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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| Applied Research | Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
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| Clinical Psychology | A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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| Psychiatry | A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
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| Introspection | (Specifically, "looking inward") Titchener encouraged people to reflect upon themselves and "look inward", drawing conclusions about themselves to make self-reports. Has to to with structuralism.
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| Biological Approach/Perspective | A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. It focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
How are messages transmitted within the body?
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| Behavioral Approach/Perspective | Focuses on how we learn observable responses.
How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations?
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| Cognitive Approach/Perspective | Focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
How do we use information in remembering, reasoning, or solving problems?
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| Psychoanalytic Approach/Perspective | Focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.
How can someone's personality traits/disorders be explained in terms of the disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes/childhood traumas?
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| Humanistic Approach/Perspective | A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth.
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| Socio-Cultural Approach/Perspective | Focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.
How are we- as Africans, Asians, or North Americans- alike as members of one human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?
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| Evolutionary Approach/Perspective | Focuses on how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes.
How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
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| Bio-Psycho-Social Approach | Considers the influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors.
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| Eclecticism | Combining a blend of perspectives.
(closely related is psychotherapy integration, which means that rather than picking and choosing methods, integration advocates aim to combine them into a single, coherent system).
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