gastrointestinal system
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| The gastrointestinal system (GI) is the AKA? |
digestive system
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| The GI System prepares food for use by cells through? |
5 basic activities
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| The first basic activity is Ingestion which? | involves taking food into the oral cavity.
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| The second basic activity is Peristalsis which is? |
wave like action of the GI system that pushes the food along digestive tract.
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| Borborygmos is? | the gurgling sound made by the peristaltic movement AKA bowel sounds (BS)
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| The third basic activity is Digestion which? | Is the breakdown of food by both chemical and mechanical processes.
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| The fourth basic activity is Absorption which is? | movement of digested food into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the body's cells.
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| The fifth basic activity is defecation which is? | elimination from the body those substances that are indigestible and cannot be absorbed.
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| The journey of food through the GI system takes an average of ? | 12 hours
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| The GI tract is AKA? | alimentary canal.
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| The GI is a long continuous tube that runs from the? | oral cavity to the anus.
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| The length of the GI tract is approximately? | 30 feet
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| Digestion begins in the? | oral cavity (mouth).
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| Mechanical digestion involves? | mastication (chewing)
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| The tongue, labiae,and buccae keep the food? | between the superior and the inferior dentes (teeth)
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| Between ages 6 months to 2 years there are? | 20 temporary or deciduous teeth.
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| By age 13 there are? | 32 permanent teeth
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| The 8 anterior (front( teeth are called? | incisors.
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| The next 4 teeth are called? | canine or cuspids
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| Canine (cuspids) are used to? | tear food.
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| The next 8 teeth are called? | premolars (bicuspids)
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| The next 12 teeth are called? | molars (tricuspids).
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| The bicuspids are tricuspids are used to? | grind food.
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| Each tooth is divided into 3 parts called? | 1. the crown
2. the cervix (neck)
3. the root.
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| The crown is the portion above the? | gingivae.
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| The crown is covered by the hardest substance in the body called? | enamel.
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| The cervix (neck) of the tooth is the? | connection between the crown and root.
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| The root is? | embedded into the sockets located in the maxilla and mandible.
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| Chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity because of the presence of? | saliva.
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| Saliva contains an antibacterial enzyme called? | lysozyme.
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| Saliva is primarily produced in 3 glands called the? | 1. Parotid gland
2. Submandibular gland
3. Sublingual gland.
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| The hard palate forms the? | anterior part of the roof of the oral cavity (mouth).
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| The soft palate forms the? | posterior portion of the roof of the oral cavity (mouth).
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| Hanging from the posterior border of the soft palate is a cone shaped muscular structure called the? | uvula.
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| The uvula prevents food from entering the? | nasal cavity.
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| The tongue is a muscular structure and is covered on the superior surface with projections called? | papillae.
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| The tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by the? | lingual frenulum.
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| The anterior 2/3 of the tongue is covered with? | taste buds
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| The four tasted are? | sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
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| The pharynx is the? | throat.
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| The pharynx begins the process of? | swallowing (deglutition).
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| The esophagus is the? | 10 inch tube between the laryngopharynx and the stomach.
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| The proximal esophagus passes through the? | mediastinum.
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| The mediastinum is the? | space between the lungs.
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| The distal esophagus pierces the diaphragm through the? | esophageal hiatus.
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| The sphincter that connects the esophagus to the stomach is called the? | cardiac sphincter (lower esophagus sphincter).
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| The stomach is located in the? | lower left quadrant.
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| The stomach is a bag of muscles designed to? | churn, squash and squeeze food into a liquid.
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| The liquid food is called? | chyme
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| Chemical digestion occurs in the stomach due to? | 1.HCl stands for? hydrochloric acid
2. Pepsin.
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| Pepsin begins the digestion of? | protein.
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| The stomach is protected from being dissolved by these enzymes due to a? | mucus layer
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| In 2 to 6 hours the stomach empties all of its contents into the duodenum through the? | pyloric sphincter.
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| The 1st section of the small intestine is the? | duodenum
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| The 2nd section of the small intestine is the? | jejunum.
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| The 3rd section of the small intestine is the? | ileum.
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| 80% of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the? | small bowel (duodenum)
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| These nutrients include? | 1.Simple sugars (glucose)
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| Another nutrient needed for absorption is? | 2.Amino acids
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| Another nutrient needed for absorption is? | 3.Fatty acids
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| Another nutrient needed for absorption is? | 4. Water
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| Another nutrient needed for absorption is? | 5.Vitamins
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| Another nutrient needed for absorption is? | 6.Minerals.
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| The ileum empties into the large intestine (bowel) through the? | ileocecal valve (sphincter)
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| The 1st section of the large intestine (large bowel, colon) is called the? | cecum
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| A finger-like projection off the cecum is called the? | (vermiform) appendix.
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| The appendix is located in the? | Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
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| More specifically the appendix is located in the? | right inguinal (iliac) region of the abdomen.
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| The 2nd section of the large intestine(bowel, colon) is called the? | ascending colon.
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| The ascending colon turns left at the? | hepatic flexure.
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| The 3rd section of the large intestine (bowel,colon) is called the? | transverse colon.
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| The transverse colon curves beneath the lower end of the spleen at the? | splenic flexure.
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| The fourth section of the large intestine (bowel,colon) is called the? | descending colon.
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| The 5th section of the large intestine (bowel,colon) is called the? | sigmoid colon.
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| The sixth section of the large intestine (bowel,colon) is called the? | rectum.
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| Stool (feces) leaves the body through the? | anus
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| The act of emptying the rectum is called? | defecation (defecate) or bowel movement(BM).
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| The most important function of the large (bowel,colon) is to? | absorb water.
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| Stool (feces) should be a? | semisolid
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| Normal stool (feces) should be? | brown and formed (baby ruth bar)
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| The pancreas is located? | posterior to the stomach (retrogastric).
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| The pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum that will? | aid in chemical digestion and neutralize HCl (hydrochloric acid).
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| Pancreatic enzymes include? | 1. Amylase.
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| Another pancreatic enzyme is? | 2. Tryspin
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| Another pancreatic enzyme is? | 3.Chymotripsin.
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| These enzymes are carried from the pancreas to the duodenum through the? | pancreatic duct.
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| The pancreas also secretes the hormones? | insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream.
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| Insulin will allow? | glucose to enter the cells
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| Glucagon stimulates the liver to? | release stored sugar (glycogen) into glucose.
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| Insulin and glucagon regulate and control? | blood sugar (BS) levels.
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| Pancreatitis can be diagnosed by detecting high levels of? | serum amylase.
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| The liver is located in the? | Right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen.
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| The functions of the liver include. | 1. production of heparin, prothrombin, and thrombin which are involved in the coagulation (clotting) mechanism.
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| Another function of the liver is? | 2.Production of Kupffer's cells which destroy old erythrocytes (bilirubin) and leukocytes.
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| Another function of the liver is? | 3.Detoxifies poisons such as ammonia, alcohol (ETOH) and medications.
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| Another function of the liver is? | 4.Stores excess glucose as- glycogen.
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| Another function of the liver is? | 5.Stores copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), and fat soluble vitamins A,D, E, + K.
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| Another function of the liver is? | Produces bile.
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| Bile is stored and concentrated in the? | gall bladder
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| The function of bile is to? | emulsify (break up) fats.
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| The gall bladder is located? | just inferior to the liver.
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| Bile is carried from the gall bladder to the duodenum via the? | common bile duct.
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| LFT's stands for? | liver function tests.
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| LFT's are used to detect? | hepatic (liver disease
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| LFT's include? | 1.Alkaline Phosphatse abbreviate? ALP or Alk. Phos.
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| Another LFT is? | 2. ALT aka SGPT
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| Another LFT is? | 3.AST aka SGOT
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| Another LFT is? | LD aka LDH
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| another LFT is? | Ammonia
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| another LFT is? | Albumin (Alb.)
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| another LFT is? | Bilirubin (ili) or neonatal bilirubin.
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| another LFT is? | Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
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| another LFT is? | Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg).
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| 9. HBsAg is a test to detect the? | Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
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| 10.Hepatitis B surface antibody? | (Anti-HBs).
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| Anti-HBs is a test to detect? | recovery or vaccination to the Hepatitis B virus?
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| 11.Hepatitis C virus? | (HCV)
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| A hepatic function panel (profile) consists of? | 1.Albumin
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| another hepatic function panel (profile) is? | 2.Bilirubin
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| another hepatic function panel (profile) is? | ALP
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| Another hepatic function panel (profile) is? | AST (SGOT).
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| another hepatic function panel (profile) is? | ALT (SGPT)
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| Other tests of the GI system include? | 1.UGI (upper gastrointestinal) a.k.a. barium swallow.
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| GI System test? | 2.Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) a.k.a. barium enema (BaE,BE).
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| An UGI and lower GI are referred to as a? | GI series.
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| EGD which stands for? | esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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| GB (gall bladder) series or? | GB ultrasound
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| Colonoscopy refers to? | the process of viewing the colon (large intestine,bowel).
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| Sigmoidoscopy refers to the? | process of viewing the sigmoid colon.
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