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Gastrointestinal Sy
gastrointestinal system
Question | Answer |
---|---|
The gastrointestinal system (GI) is the AKA? | digestive system |
The GI System prepares food for use by cells through? | 5 basic activities |
The first basic activity is Ingestion which? | involves taking food into the oral cavity. |
The second basic activity is Peristalsis which is? | wave like action of the GI system that pushes the food along digestive tract. |
Borborygmos is? | the gurgling sound made by the peristaltic movement AKA bowel sounds (BS) |
The third basic activity is Digestion which? | Is the breakdown of food by both chemical and mechanical processes. |
The fourth basic activity is Absorption which is? | movement of digested food into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the body's cells. |
The fifth basic activity is defecation which is? | elimination from the body those substances that are indigestible and cannot be absorbed. |
The journey of food through the GI system takes an average of ? | 12 hours |
The GI tract is AKA? | alimentary canal. |
The GI is a long continuous tube that runs from the? | oral cavity to the anus. |
The length of the GI tract is approximately? | 30 feet |
Digestion begins in the? | oral cavity (mouth). |
Mechanical digestion involves? | mastication (chewing) |
The tongue, labiae,and buccae keep the food? | between the superior and the inferior dentes (teeth) |
Between ages 6 months to 2 years there are? | 20 temporary or deciduous teeth. |
By age 13 there are? | 32 permanent teeth |
The 8 anterior (front( teeth are called? | incisors. |
The next 4 teeth are called? | canine or cuspids |
Canine (cuspids) are used to? | tear food. |
The next 8 teeth are called? | premolars (bicuspids) |
The next 12 teeth are called? | molars (tricuspids). |
The bicuspids are tricuspids are used to? | grind food. |
Each tooth is divided into 3 parts called? | 1. the crown 2. the cervix (neck) 3. the root. |
The crown is the portion above the? | gingivae. |
The crown is covered by the hardest substance in the body called? | enamel. |
The cervix (neck) of the tooth is the? | connection between the crown and root. |
The root is? | embedded into the sockets located in the maxilla and mandible. |
Chemical digestion occurs in the oral cavity because of the presence of? | saliva. |
Saliva contains an antibacterial enzyme called? | lysozyme. |
Saliva is primarily produced in 3 glands called the? | 1. Parotid gland 2. Submandibular gland 3. Sublingual gland. |
The hard palate forms the? | anterior part of the roof of the oral cavity (mouth). |
The soft palate forms the? | posterior portion of the roof of the oral cavity (mouth). |
Hanging from the posterior border of the soft palate is a cone shaped muscular structure called the? | uvula. |
The uvula prevents food from entering the? | nasal cavity. |
The tongue is a muscular structure and is covered on the superior surface with projections called? | papillae. |
The tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by the? | lingual frenulum. |
The anterior 2/3 of the tongue is covered with? | taste buds |
The four tasted are? | sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. |
The pharynx is the? | throat. |
The pharynx begins the process of? | swallowing (deglutition). |
The esophagus is the? | 10 inch tube between the laryngopharynx and the stomach. |
The proximal esophagus passes through the? | mediastinum. |
The mediastinum is the? | space between the lungs. |
The distal esophagus pierces the diaphragm through the? | esophageal hiatus. |
The sphincter that connects the esophagus to the stomach is called the? | cardiac sphincter (lower esophagus sphincter). |
The stomach is located in the? | lower left quadrant. |
The stomach is a bag of muscles designed to? | churn, squash and squeeze food into a liquid. |
The liquid food is called? | chyme |
Chemical digestion occurs in the stomach due to? | 1.HCl stands for? hydrochloric acid 2. Pepsin. |
Pepsin begins the digestion of? | protein. |
The stomach is protected from being dissolved by these enzymes due to a? | mucus layer |
In 2 to 6 hours the stomach empties all of its contents into the duodenum through the? | pyloric sphincter. |
The 1st section of the small intestine is the? | duodenum |
The 2nd section of the small intestine is the? | jejunum. |
The 3rd section of the small intestine is the? | ileum. |
80% of the absorption of nutrients occurs in the? | small bowel (duodenum) |
These nutrients include? | 1.Simple sugars (glucose) |
Another nutrient needed for absorption is? | 2.Amino acids |
Another nutrient needed for absorption is? | 3.Fatty acids |
Another nutrient needed for absorption is? | 4. Water |
Another nutrient needed for absorption is? | 5.Vitamins |
Another nutrient needed for absorption is? | 6.Minerals. |
The ileum empties into the large intestine (bowel) through the? | ileocecal valve (sphincter) |
The 1st section of the large intestine (large bowel, colon) is called the? | cecum |
A finger-like projection off the cecum is called the? | (vermiform) appendix. |
The appendix is located in the? | Right lower quadrant (RLQ) |
More specifically the appendix is located in the? | right inguinal (iliac) region of the abdomen. |
The 2nd section of the large intestine(bowel, colon) is called the? | ascending colon. |
The ascending colon turns left at the? | hepatic flexure. |
The 3rd section of the large intestine (bowel,colon) is called the? | transverse colon. |
The transverse colon curves beneath the lower end of the spleen at the? | splenic flexure. |
The fourth section of the large intestine (bowel,colon) is called the? | descending colon. |
The 5th section of the large intestine (bowel,colon) is called the? | sigmoid colon. |
The sixth section of the large intestine (bowel,colon) is called the? | rectum. |
Stool (feces) leaves the body through the? | anus |
The act of emptying the rectum is called? | defecation (defecate) or bowel movement(BM). |
The most important function of the large (bowel,colon) is to? | absorb water. |
Stool (feces) should be a? | semisolid |
Normal stool (feces) should be? | brown and formed (baby ruth bar) |
The pancreas is located? | posterior to the stomach (retrogastric). |
The pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum that will? | aid in chemical digestion and neutralize HCl (hydrochloric acid). |
Pancreatic enzymes include? | 1. Amylase. |
Another pancreatic enzyme is? | 2. Tryspin |
Another pancreatic enzyme is? | 3.Chymotripsin. |
These enzymes are carried from the pancreas to the duodenum through the? | pancreatic duct. |
The pancreas also secretes the hormones? | insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. |
Insulin will allow? | glucose to enter the cells |
Glucagon stimulates the liver to? | release stored sugar (glycogen) into glucose. |
Insulin and glucagon regulate and control? | blood sugar (BS) levels. |
Pancreatitis can be diagnosed by detecting high levels of? | serum amylase. |
The liver is located in the? | Right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. |
The functions of the liver include. | 1. production of heparin, prothrombin, and thrombin which are involved in the coagulation (clotting) mechanism. |
Another function of the liver is? | 2.Production of Kupffer's cells which destroy old erythrocytes (bilirubin) and leukocytes. |
Another function of the liver is? | 3.Detoxifies poisons such as ammonia, alcohol (ETOH) and medications. |
Another function of the liver is? | 4.Stores excess glucose as- glycogen. |
Another function of the liver is? | 5.Stores copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), and fat soluble vitamins A,D, E, + K. |
Another function of the liver is? | Produces bile. |
Bile is stored and concentrated in the? | gall bladder |
The function of bile is to? | emulsify (break up) fats. |
The gall bladder is located? | just inferior to the liver. |
Bile is carried from the gall bladder to the duodenum via the? | common bile duct. |
LFT's stands for? | liver function tests. |
LFT's are used to detect? | hepatic (liver disease |
LFT's include? | 1.Alkaline Phosphatse abbreviate? ALP or Alk. Phos. |
Another LFT is? | 2. ALT aka SGPT |
Another LFT is? | 3.AST aka SGOT |
Another LFT is? | LD aka LDH |
another LFT is? | Ammonia |
another LFT is? | Albumin (Alb.) |
another LFT is? | Bilirubin (ili) or neonatal bilirubin. |
another LFT is? | Hepatitis A virus (HAV) |
another LFT is? | Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). |
9. HBsAg is a test to detect the? | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) |
10.Hepatitis B surface antibody? | (Anti-HBs). |
Anti-HBs is a test to detect? | recovery or vaccination to the Hepatitis B virus? |
11.Hepatitis C virus? | (HCV) |
A hepatic function panel (profile) consists of? | 1.Albumin |
another hepatic function panel (profile) is? | 2.Bilirubin |
another hepatic function panel (profile) is? | ALP |
Another hepatic function panel (profile) is? | AST (SGOT). |
another hepatic function panel (profile) is? | ALT (SGPT) |
Other tests of the GI system include? | 1.UGI (upper gastrointestinal) a.k.a. barium swallow. |
GI System test? | 2.Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) a.k.a. barium enema (BaE,BE). |
An UGI and lower GI are referred to as a? | GI series. |
EGD which stands for? | esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
GB (gall bladder) series or? | GB ultrasound |
Colonoscopy refers to? | the process of viewing the colon (large intestine,bowel). |
Sigmoidoscopy refers to the? | process of viewing the sigmoid colon. |