Endocrine System
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| adenectomy | removal of a gland
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| adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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| adrenal cortex | outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
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| adrenalectomy | Removal of an adreanal gland
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| adrenaline | increases heart rate and blood pressure
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| adrenal medulla | Inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) | stimulates the adrenal cortex
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| adrenocorticotropin | stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones
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| adrenopathy | Disease of adrenal glands
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| aldosterone | increases salt reabsorption
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| androgen | hormone producing or stimulating male characteristics
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | increases reabsorption of water by the kidney
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| calcitonin | decreases blood calcium levels
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| catecholamines | Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla
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| corticosteroids | Any of the hormones produced
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| cortisol | increases blood sugar. It is secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect
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| electrolyte | Mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells; potassium, sodium, and calcium are electolytes
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| endocrinologist | Specialist in diagnosis and treatment of endocrine gland disorders
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| epinephrine | increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airways. It is part of the body's "fight or flight" reaction
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| estradiol | Estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries
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| estrogen | Female hormone secreted by the overies and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex
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| estrogenic | Pertining to having properties simular to estrogen
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| euthyroid | Normal thyroid function
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| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the overies and sperm production by the testes
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| glucagon | increases blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch) to glucose
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| glucocorticoid | Steroid that regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism.
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| glycemic | Pertains to sugar in the blood
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| glycogen | An animal starch, produced from sugar by he liver
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| glycosuria | Suger in the urine
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| gonadotropin | Hormone that acts on the gonads (overies and testes)
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| growth hormone | stimulates growth of bones and soft tissue
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| homeostasis | State of equilibrium (constancy) of the body's internal environment
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| hormonal | Pertaining to hormones
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| hormone | Substance that travels tthrough the blood to a distant organ or gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland
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| hypercalcemia | Increased calcium in the blood
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| hypercalciuria | Increased calcium in the urine
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| hyperglycemia | Blood condition of increased sugar
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| hypocalcalcemia | Decreased calcium in the blood
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| hypoglycemia | low levels of sugar in the blood
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| hypogonadism | Condition of decreased function of the gonads, with decreased growth growth and sexual development
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| hypoinsulinism | low level of insulin
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| hypokalemia | low level of potassium in the blood
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| hyponatremia | Blood condition of deficiency of sodium
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| hypophysectomy | Removal of the pituitary gland
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| hypophysis | pituitary gland
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| hypopituitarism | Condition resulting from decreased secretion by the pituitary gland (TSH)
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| hypothalamus | Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland.
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| insulin | Insulin helps glucose to pass into cells, and it promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen
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| luteinizing hormone | stimulates ovualation in females and testosterone secretion in males
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| mineralocorticoid | Steroid hormone to regulate mineral salts (electroltes) and water balance in the body
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| neurohypophysis | posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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| norepinephrine | increases heart rate and blood pressure, nor- in chemistry means a parent compound from which another is derived
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| oxytocin | Hormone from the neurohypophysis that stimulates childbirth
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| pancreas | Located behind the stomach. Islet cells secrete hormones from the pancreas. Also secretes enzymes via a duct into the small intestine to aid digestion
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| pancreatectomy | Removal of the pancreas
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| parathormone | secreted by the parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium
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| parathyroidectomy | Removal of the parathyroid glands
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| parathyroid glands | Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland
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| pineal gland | secretes melatonin which ades in sleep and affects mood
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| pituitary gland | lacated at the base of the brain in the sella turcica weighs only 1/16 of an ounce and is a half inch across
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| polydipsia | Condition of excessive thirst
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| progesterone | prepares the uterus for pregnancy
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| prolactin | promotes milk secretion
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| receptor | cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
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| sella turcica | Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland
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| somatotropin | growth hormone
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| steroid | an organic compound with a ring structure; bile acids, vitamin d, and certain hormones
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| sympathomimetic | pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
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| target tissue | Cells of an organ that are affected or simulated by specific hormones
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| testosterone | male hormone secreted by the testes
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| tetraiodothyronine, Thyroxine (T4) | Thyroid gland hormone containg 4 atoms of iodine; increases metabolism
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| thyroid gland | Locatesd on the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine
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| thyroiditis | Inflammation of the thyroid gland
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| thyrotropin; (TSH) | thyroid stimulating hormone that acts on the thyroid gland to promote its functioning
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| triiodothyronine (T3) | increases metabolism in cells contains 3 atoms of iodine
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| vasopressin | antidiuretic hormone
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| acromegaly | Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary aftr puberty; leading to enlargement of extremities
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| Addison disease | Hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex
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| adreanal virilism | Excessive secretion of adrenal androgens
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| cretinism | extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth
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| Cushing syndrome | group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex
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| diabetes insipidus | Insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone
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| diabetes mellitus | Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugur, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
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| dwarfism | Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone
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| exophthalmometry | measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in graves disease) with an exophthalmometer
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| exophthalmos | protrusion of the eyeballs
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| fasting plasma glucose | Also known as fasting blood sugar test. Measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
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| gastroparesis | loss of gastric motality
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| gigantism | Hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissue
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| glucose tolerance test | is used to diagnose pre-diabetes and gestational diabetes
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| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland
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| graves disease | most common form of hyperthyroidism; resulting from an autoimmune process
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| hirsutism | excessive hair on the face and body
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| hyperinsulinism | Exsess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia
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| hyperparathyroidism | excessive production of parathormone
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| hyperthyroidism | Overactivity of the thyroid gland
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| ketoacidosis | fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body
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| myxedema | advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
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| panhypopituitarism | Condition of deficient secretion of all hormones from the pituitary gland
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| pheochromocytoma | Benign tumor of the adrenal medulla
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| tetany | constant muscle contraction
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| thyroid carcinoma | cancer of the thyroid gland
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| thyroid function tests | measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream
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| thyroid scan | Scanner detects radioactivity and visulizes the thyroid gland after intravenous administration of a radioactive compound
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| thyrotoxicosis | condition of increasedasecretion from the throid gland with symptoms such as sweating, rapid pulse, tremors, and exophthalmos
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