Chapter 7
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| enteral | Involves the alimentary or gastrointestinal tract
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| parenteral | Any route that does not involve the alimentary tract
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| Name the four oral routes of administration | Oral, Sublingual, Buccal, Rectal
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| Local effect | When the drug activity is at the site of administration
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| Systemic effect | Whena drug is introduced into the circulatory system by a route of administration and carried to the site of activity
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| Most frequently used route of administration | Oral
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| SR | Sustained Release
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| SA | Sustained Action
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| ER or XR | Extended Release
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| PA | Prolonged Action
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| CR | Controlled Release
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| TR | Timed Release
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| LA | Long Acting
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| Solution (Oral Formulation) | Clear liquid made up of one or more substances dissolved in a solvent
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| Solvent | liquid that can dissolve another substance to form a solution
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| Aqueous solution | Water used as solvent
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| Nonaqueous solution | Predominately contain solvents other than water
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| Nonaqueous solution solvents | Glycerin, Alcohol, Propylene glycol
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| Elixer (A solution) | Hydroalcoholic liquids for oral use
5-40% alcohol
Less sweet Less viscous than syrups
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| Spirits (A solution) | Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances
Acohol content 62-85%
Flavoring agent
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| Tincture | Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of nonvolatile substances
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| Suspensions | Drug particles are suspended in the formulation
Drug does not completely dissolve in aolvent
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| Advantages of Solutions | Completely homogenous dose
Immediately available for absorption
For those who can't swallow tab or cap
Doses can be easily adjusted
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| Disadvantages of Solutions | Drugs/chemicals less stable than in dry form
Some drugs not soluble in accept. solvents
May need special ing. to mask object. taste
More diff. to handle store and transport
Require dosage measurement devices
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| Advantages of Suspensions | Can orally admin. drugs that are insoluble in accept. solvents
For those who can't swallow tab or cap
Masks objectionable taste
Chemically more stable than in solution
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| Disadvantages of Suspensions | Tend to settle over time leading to lack of dose uniformity
Unpleasant oral texture
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| Emulsions | Homogenous mixture of aqeous and oleaginous components...A mixture of two liquids that do not mix with each other in which one liquid is spread through the other by mixing and use of a stabilizer
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| Oil in water Emulsion (o/w) | Oleaginous component present as droplets
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| Water in Oil Emulsion(w/o) | Aqeous component present as droplets
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| Advantages of Emulsions | Masks taste of very bitter drugs
Can dramatically increase oral solubility or bioavailability of drug
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| Disadvantge of Emulsions | Has oily feel in mouth
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| Intravenous IIV) | Injected directly into veins and circulating blood - 20 seconds for drug to circ. the body
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| Formulations that can be used with injectables | Solutions
Suspensions
Emulsions - TPN
Dry powder formulations
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| Syringeability | Ease with which suspension can be drawn from container into syringe
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| Injectability | Properties of the suspension while being injected...even flow, freedom from clogging
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| Intravenous sites of injection | Antecubital area in front of the elbow
Back of the hand
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| Infusion | Gradual intravenous injection of a volume of fluid...usually large volume
Infusion rate 2-3 mL/min
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| Elastomeric Pumps | Use with intermittent or very slow, continuous infusions
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| Intravenous Needle Gauge Needle Length | 16-20 Needle Gauge
1-1.5 in.
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| Intramuscular | Administered into muscle tissue under the subcuaneous layer of the skin
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| Intramuscular Needle Gauge Needle Length | 19-22 Needle Gauge
1-1.5
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| Sites for Intramuscular Injection | Gluteal (buttocks), Deltoid (upper arm), Vastus lateralis (thigh)
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| diluent | Solvent that dissolves a powder or dilutes a solution
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| Drugs for IM injection are formulated as: | Solutions
Suspensions
Colloids - in aqeous & oleaginous solvents
o/w Emulsions
w/o Emulsions
Different salt forms of drug
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| Depot | Area in the muscle where the formulation is injected during an IM injection
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| Absorption rates of IM injection formulations Fastest to slowest | Aqeous, Oleaginous, Suspensions, Colloids
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| Colloid | Particles up to a hundred times smaller than those in supensions that are however likewise suspended in a solution.
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| Z-tract Injection | Injection technique for medications that stain the skin
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| Volume that can be administered w an IM injection | Deltoid - 2 mL
Thigh - 2 mL
Gluteous Maximus - 5 mL
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| Volume (max) that can be administered w a Subcutaneous (SQ) injection | 2 mL
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| Subcutaneous Injection Sites | Lower abdomen, front of thigh, upper back, back of upper arm
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| Subcutaneous injection needle size and length | 24-27 needle gauge, 3/8-1" length
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| Most common SQ injection | insulin
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| Rate of SQ injection controlled by: | Slowly soluble salt forms, Suspensions vs. Solutions, Difference in particle size, Viscosity of medium, May be slower than IM
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| Intradermal | Injections administered into the top layer of the skin using short needles (Diagnostic reasons, desensitization & immunization)
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| Intradermal - Max volume | 0.1 ml
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| Intradermal Needle Size and Length | 25-26 Needle Gauge, 3/8" Length
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| Intradermal injection sites | Anterior surface of forearms
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| Intradermal injection ....Local or Systemic Effect? | Local
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| Natural volume of eye is? | 7 microliters
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| Volume of normal commercial eyedropper | 50 microliters
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| How much of dose is lost by overflow in the eye | 80%
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| Lacrimal canalicula | tear ducts
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| transcorneal transport | Drug transfer into the eye
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| Lacrimal gland | The gland that produces tears for the eye
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| Conjunctiva | The eyelid lining
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| How many g does an opthalmic ointment tube hold | 3.5 g
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| Problems for opthalmic absorption | Lacrimal (tear) drainage, Rapid absorption by eyelid lining (conjunctiva)
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| Bulk Powders | Solid formulations to be mixed with water or juice
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| The pouch between the cheeks and teeth | Buccal cavity
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| Necrosis | increase in cell death
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| Alveoli | Small sacs of tissue tht transfer oxygen
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| Nasal mucosa | cellular lining of the nose
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| Nasal inhaler | A device which contains a drug that is vaporized by inhalation
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| Atomizer | Device used to convert liquid to a spray
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| Metered dose inhaler | Aerosols that use special metering valves to deliver a fixed dose when the aerosol is actuated
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