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Anatomy VTNE Review

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
anatomy   deals with the form and structure of the body and it's parts (what things look like and where they're located)  
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physiology   deals with functions of the body and its parts (how things work and what they do)  
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What is the idea of bilateral symmetry of the animal body?   the left and right halves are essentially mirror images of one another and single structures are toward midline  
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What are the 2 main body cavities in the mammalian body?   dorsal and ventral body cavity  
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dorsal body cavity   contains the brain and spinal cord and their cavities  
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ventral body cavity   contains the soft organs of the body  
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How are the organs of the ventral body cavity divided?   the diaphragm divides into the cranial thoracic cavity and the caudal abdominal cavity  
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pleura   thin membrane that covers all organs  
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visceral pleura   pleura that covers the organs  
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parietal pleura   pleura that covers the the entire cavity  
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pluritis/pleurisy   inflammation of the pleura  
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peritoneum   lines the abdominal organs  
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peritonitis   painful inflammation of the peritoneum mainly resulting from a wound or rupture of the GI tract  
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cell   the most basic unit  
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tissues   similar cells grouped together  
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organs   groups of tissues working together for the same purpose  
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systems   organs with a common set of activities  
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homeostasis   maintenance of a dynamic equallibrium in the body (balance)  
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prokaryotes   cells with no nucleus  
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eukaryotes   cells with a true nucleus  
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cells membrane/plasma membrane   encloses the cell  
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cytoplasm   fluid portion of the cells that suspends the organelles; enzymes and other proteins are produced here  
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organelles   small "organs" that carry out function in the cell  
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micro-villa   present in the cells of the digestive tract, projections that come out of the cell that help in absorption  
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cilia   present in cells of the respiratory tract where a projection from the cell prevents dust and foreign bodies from entering the lungs  
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ribosomes   protein synthesis and very numerous  
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mitochondria   produces ATP (energy)  
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endoplasmic reticulum   transport and storage  
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golgi body   sorts and packages proteins  
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lysosomes   digestive enzymes  
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peroxisomes   detoxify molecules  
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nucleus   control center of the cell, maintains heredity function and controls cellular activities during protein synthesis  
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true or false: everything inside the cell other than the nucleus is genetic material.   false  
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True or False: mitochondria contain the DNA, RNA and the enzymes possible to make protein.   false  
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True or False: Protein intended for extra-cellular use and in the plasma membrane is synthesized in ribosomes evenly distributed throughout the cytoskeleton.   true  
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What three structures are found in the mammalian cells despite three billion years of evolution?   cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane  
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What are the principal components of cytoplasm?   cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions, and cytosol  
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How many mitochondria are in the average mammalian cell?   it depends on the cells activity level (highly active cells require more mitochondria)  
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What do ribosomes produce?   proteins  
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The outer layer of the nuclear membrane in continuous with what?   the cell membrane  
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What are the 4 types of tissues?   epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle  
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gross anatomy   the study of economic structures that can be seen with the naked eye  
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microanatomy/histology   microscopic study of organs  
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What is the most abundant tissue in the body?   connective  
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fibroblasts   cells that produce ordinary connective tissue  
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fibrocytes   less active adult cells  
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What kind of tissue forms tendons?   dense regular connective tissue  
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What kind of tissue forms ligaments and the dermis of the skin?   dense irregular connective tissue  
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?   skeletal, smooth, and cardiac  
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What is the first stage of tissue healing and repair?   inflammation  
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infection   inflammatory response from viruses, bacteria, and fungi  
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Is scar tissue as strong as the original tissue?   no  
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excretions   substances the leave the body  
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keratin   protective, waterproof substance  
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pathogens   bacteria and viruses  
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mucin   thick, sticky substance of glycoproteins and proteglandins; when water is added it turns to mucus  
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duct   carries secretions to deposit site  
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edema   spaces in loose connective tissue fill with body fluid in trauma  
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adipose   fat  
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cartilage   tough, specialized connective tissue  
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mucus membranes   line organs and have access to the outside environment  
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True or False: Connective tissue has no direct blood supply and epithelial tissue is vascularized.   False: Connective tissue is vascular and epithelial tissue is avascular.  
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Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that contains an abundant supply of nerves.   False: Cartilage does not contain nerves  
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True of False: bone is specialized connective that is well vascularized, protects vital organs such as the brain and heart, acts as a calcium reserve, and is the site of blood cell production and fat storage.   True  
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True or False: Mucus membranes line the walls and cover the organs fill closed body cavities.   False  
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What structure acts as a partial barrier between the epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue?   the basement membrane  
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What type of membrane lines the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts?   mucus  
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What is the first process in inflammation?   vasoconstriction to control hemorrhaging  
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os, osteo   bone  
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osteocytes   bone cells  
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What is the 2nd hardest structure in the body?   bone  
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What are the 5 main functions of bone?   1. support 2. protection 3. leverage 4. storage 5. hematopoiesis  
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What is the purpose of calcetonin?   prevents hypercalcemia by depositing excess calcium in bones  
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What is the purpose of parathyroid hormone?   prevents hypocalcemia by withdrawing calcium from bones  
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cancellous bone   spongy bone that is filled with marrow  
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compact bone   heavy, dense, outside layer of bone  
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osteoblasts   cells that form bone then supply minerals to harden it  
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osteocytes   mature bone cells  
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osteoclasts   remodel bone cells when needed  
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long bones   longer than wide  
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short bones   shaped like cubes or marsh mellows  
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flat bones   thin and flat  
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irregular bones   don't fit into the other categories (misc)  
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What fills the space inside bones?   marrow  
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red bone marrow   forms blood cells  
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yellow bone marrow   adipose but can revert back to red  
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condyle   large, round, articular surface  
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head   spherical surface on end of a long bone  
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facet   flat surface  
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process   all lumps, bumps, and projections in a bone  
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foramen   hole in a bone; usually for a nerve or vessel to pass  
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fossa   sunken area in bone  
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brachycephalic   short faced  
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dolicocephalic   long faced  
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maxillary   upper jaw  
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lacrimal   from medial orbit of eye  
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hyoid bone   h-shaped and supports base of tongue, pharynx, larynx, and helps animal swallow  
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c1 (atlas)   first vertebra that helps hold up the head  
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c2 (axis)   has dens that hook into atlas  
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ribs   flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax  
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sternum   breastbone that forms the floor of the thorax  
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scapula   most proximal bone of the thoracic limb  
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humerus   long bone of the upper arm  
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What bones make up the antebrachium?   radius and ulna  
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radius   main weight bearing bone of the forearm  
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ulna   helps form the elbow  
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carpus   2 rows of carpal bones  
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metacarpal bones   extend distally from distal row to proximal phalanges  
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phalanges   bones of the digits  
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seasmoid bones   found in some tendons; irregular bones  
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How many bones does the pelvis begin as?   3  
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ilium   cranial most part of pelvis;wings of pelvis  
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ischium   caudal most pelvic bone  
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pubis   smallest of pelvic bones that forms cranial portion of pubic floor  
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acetabulum   3 pelvic bones that form this ball and socket joint  
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obturator foramen   holes in the pelvis to lighten it  
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femur   long bone in thigh  
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patella   knee cap  
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What is the largest seasmoid bone in the body?   the patella  
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fabellae   2 small seasmoid bones in the calf muscle in cats and dogs  
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tibia   main weight bearing bone in the lower leg  
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fibula   thin, but complete bone that parallels tibia  
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tarsal bone   ankle (hock)  
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metatarsal bones   similar to metacarpal bones  
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os cordis   bone of the heart in cattle or sheep that support it  
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os penis   bone in penis that supports it in dog, walrus, beavers, and raccoon  
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os rostri   bone to strengthen the nose of swine  
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joints   junctions between bones  
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arthro, articular   joint  
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fibrous joints   completely immobile  
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cartilaginous joints   slightly mobile  
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synovial joints   freely movable  
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flexion   decreases angle  
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extension   increases angle  
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adduction   toward medial plane  
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abduction   away from the medial plane  
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rotation   twisting on axis  
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circumduction   distal portion moves in a circular motion  
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hinge joints   one joint surface swivels around another  
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gliding joint   rocking motion from 1 bone to another  
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pivot joint   one bone rotates around another  
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ball and socket joint   permits all synovial movement  
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What are the 3 types of muscles?   skeletal, cardiac, and smooth  
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myo   muscle  
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sarco   muscle cells  
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sarcoplasm   cytoplasm of the muscle cell  
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voluntary striated muscle   skeletal muscle  
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tendon   attach muscles to bones  
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aponeuroses   broad sheets of fibrous connective tissue  
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origin of muscle   a muscles more stable attachment site; less movable  
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insertion of muscle   site of muscle that undergoes movement  
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Do muscles work alone?   rarely  
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prime mover (agonist)   directly produces desired movement  
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antagonist   directly opposes prime mover  
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synergist   contracts at the same time as the prime mover  
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fixator muscle   stabilizes joints to allow movements to happen  
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What are the 7 ways skeletal muscles are named?   action, shape, location, number of heads, directions of fibers, attachment sites, and selected muscles  
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How many nuclei per cell do skeletal muscles have?   100+  
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involuntary striated muscle   cardiac muscle  
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What muscle contracts with wave-like contractions?   cardiac  
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non-striated involuntary muscle   smooth muscle  
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What are the 2 forms of smooth muscle?   1. large sheets of cells in some hollow organs 2. small discrete groups of cells  
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What is the muscle of mastication?   masseters  
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What muscle contracts during inspiration?   diaphragm  
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cutaneous muscle   thin muscle in the connective tissue beneath the skin  
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brachium   upper arm region  
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viscera   soft internal organs  
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neuro   nervous system  
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What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?   central and peripheral  
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peripheral nervous system   cord like nerves that link the CNS to the rest of the body  
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What 3 categories do the activities of the nervous system fall into?   sensory, motor, or integrating  
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neurons   basic functional units of the nervous system  
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True or false: Neurons have a high requirement for oxygen.   True  
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neuroglia (glial cells)   support and protect neurons but are not involved in the central cell body  
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dendrites   recieve stimuli or impulses from other neurons and conduct it to the cell body  
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axon   conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body to a neuron or effector cell  
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effector cell   cell that does something when stimulated  
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myelin   fatty substance that covers that axons  
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afferent nerve impulses   conduct nerve impulses toward the CNS  
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efferent nerve impulses   carry nerve impulses away from CNS  
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somatic nervous system   voluntary movement of skeletal muscles  
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autonomic nervous system   self-regulating system (smooth and cardiac muscle)  
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cerebrum   largest part of the brain  
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gyri   folds of the brain  
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sulci   shallow grooves of the brain  
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fissures   deep grooves of the brain  
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cerebellum   part of the brain just caudal to the cerebrum; responsible for balance, coordination, posture, and reflexes  
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diencephalon   passageway between cerebellum and brain stem  
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brain stem   connects the brain and the spinal cord  
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What are the 3 things that make up the brain stem?   pons, medulla oblongata, and the mid-brain  
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meninges   connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord;also supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients to tissues of the brain and spinal cord  
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cerebrospinal fluid   fluid that protects that brain and spinal cord from hard surfaces of the skull and spinal cord  
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blood-brain barrier   barrier that separates the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue  
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cranial nerves   special set of 12 nerves that originate directly from the brain  
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resting state   when the neuron is not stimulated  
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cerebral cortex   the outer layer of the brain  
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fenstrations   openings  
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central canal   center of the spinal canal  
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True or false: Neurons have a good reproductive ability.   False  
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True or False: Spinal nerves are in the CNS?   True  
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True or False: In fight or flight, activity in the GI tract is increased.   True  
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Axons in the CNS are covered by what?   oligodendrites  
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When you pet a dog, what receptors send a sensation from the skin to that brain?   afferent  
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What part of the brain is responsible for learning, intelligence, and awareness?   cerebrum  
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Damage to this part of the brain can result in rapid death.   brain stem  
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Where is the blood-brain barrier found?   the capillaries  
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Somatic reflex arcs include what?   skeletal muscles  
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What is a common reflex used to assess the depth of anesthesia?   pupillary light reflex  
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What is the purpose of the endocrine system?   helps maintain homeostasis in the body  
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Where are hormones produced?   in the endocrine glands  
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What other system does the endocrine system typically work with?   the nervous system  
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What product is produced in the endocrine system?   hormones  
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What is the basic unit of the endocrine system?   endocrine glands  
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Where does the endocrine glands secrete its hormones?   directly into the blood stream (ductless)  
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Where do exocrine glands secrete their products?   onto the epithelial surfaces through ducts  
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What does a hormone do when it reaches it's target?   it changes some of the cell's activity  
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How is hormone secretion controlled?   a thermostat-like system; when hormone levels fall the body secretes more  
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Where is the hypothalamus located?   in the brain-part of the diencephalon  
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What does that hypothalamus regulate?   appetite control, temperature regulation, and wake/sleep cycles  
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What hormones are the anterior pituitary responsible for?   growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulation hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulation hormone, luteinizing hormone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone  
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growth hormone   growth, metabolism and increasing sugars  
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prolactin   triggers and maintains lactation in females  
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thyroid stimulating hormone   growth and development of the thyroid gland, and causing the thyroid gland to produce hormones  
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adrenocorticotropic hormone   stimulates growth and development of the adrenal cortex and the release of some of it's hormones  
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follicle stimulating hormone   Females: growth and development of the ovaries Males: spermogenesis  
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luteinizing hormone   completes process of follicle development on the female  
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melanocyte stimulating hormone   color changing in fish, reptiles and amphibians  
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Does the posterior pituitary produce hormones?   no-stores hormones produced in the hypothalamus  
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anti-diuretic hormone   prevents dieresis- loss of large amounts of water through the urine  
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oxytocin   uterine contractions at time of birth and at mating causes contractions to help sperm to follicle  
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thyroid gland   consists of 2 lobes on both sides of the larynx  
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thyroid hormone   heats body and helps metabolism; also effects growth in young animals  
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Calcitonin   maintains homeostasis in blood calcium levels by lowering calcium levels in blood in times of hypercalcemia  
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parathyroid hormone   opposes calcetonin by raising calcium levels in blood when hypocalcemia threatens  
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What are the adrenal glands named for?   the close proximity to the kidneys  
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glucocorticoid hormones   effect blood glucose levels-typically increase  
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mineralcortocoid hormones   regulate mineral levels in the body  
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pancreas   long, flat organ located near the duodenum  
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insulin   lets glucose and amino acids be absorbed into cells  
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glucagon   has the opposite effects of insulin and raises blood glucose  
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What 2 hormones do the testes produce?   androgens and testosterone  
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What 2 hormones do the ovaries produce?   estrogen and progestins  
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What hormone does the kidneys produce and what does it do?   erythropoietin-stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of RBCs  
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What hormone does the stomach produce and what does it do?   gastrin- acts on stomach walls to produce acid and enzymes to aid in digestion  
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What important hormone does the placenta produce and what does it do?   chorionic gonadotropin- tells +/- on a pregnancy test (indicates pregnancy)  
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What system controls hormone secretion?   negative feedback system  
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What is another name for the pituitary gland?   hypophysis  
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What is another name for the growth hormone?   somatotropic hormone  
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A deficiency in the anti-diuretic hormone causes what disease?   diabetes insipidus  
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homeostasis   balance  
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mediastinum   space between the 2 pleural cavities that contain the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus and some vascular structures  
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What is the outer layer of the heart called?   pericardium  
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What is the inner sac of the heart called?   myocardium  
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Between myocardium and the lining of the heart is thin layer of lining. What is this called?   endocardium  
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Where is the base of the heart located?   the top of the heart  
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Where is the apex of the heart located?   bottom of the heart  
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auricles   largest most visible part of the atria (look like ears over the ventricles)  
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sulci (of the heart)   grooves separating ventricles  
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Are the ventricle walls or the atria walls of the heart thicker and why?   ventricle walls are thicker because they have to pump blood to the rest of the body.  
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aorta   largest artery in the body  
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ccardiac cycle   each contraction of the heart  
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systole   heart muscles contract and blood is ejected  
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diastole   heart relaxes and blood refills  
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SA Node   pacemaker of the hear; regulates heartbeat  
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What is different about a fetuses circulation?   Since the mother supplies oxygen and nutrients, the fetusus' blood supply bypasses it's lungs  
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When does a fetus's lungs inflate?   at birth when it takes it's first breath  
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Where is the mitral valve located?   left side  
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Where is the tricuspid valve located?   right side  
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cardiac output   amount of blood that leaves the heart that is determined by stroke volume and heart reate (sroke volume*HR)  
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stroke volume   amount of blood ejected with each contraction  
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heartrate   how often the heart contracts  
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What affects cardiac output?   blood pressue and fight or flight response  
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arteries   take blood away from the heart  
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veins   take blood to the heart  
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True or False: The mediastinum is also called the intrapleural space?   true  
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What is the heart muscle called?   myocardium  
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What component of the heart has the thickest walls?   left ventricle  
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True or False: The SA Node is unable to repolarize itself.   False  
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What are specialized fibers that conduct electrical currents?   purkinje fibers  
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What blood vessels do not have muscles in their walls?   capillaries  
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What effect does general anesthesia have on the cardiovascular system?   decreases cardiac output  
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external respiration   occurs in the lungs-exchange of oxygen and co2  
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internal respiration   occurs all over the body-exchange of oxygen and co2in the blood between tissues and cells  
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phonation   voice production; begins in the larynx and vocal cords  
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olfactory   sense of smell  
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What organs are included in the upper respiratory tract?   nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea  
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nares   nostrils  
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turbinates   thin, scroll bones that occupy the nasal passages and help warm air  
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paranasal sinuses   outpouches of pasal passages contained within the skull bones (named for what bone they are found in)  
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epiglottis   covers the opening of the larynx when the animal swallows  
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glottis   opening of the larynx formed by cartilages  
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What is included in the lower repiratory tract?   bronchi and alveoli  
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bronchi tree   from the bronchi to the alveolo  
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Where does air go after entering the lungs?   bronchus-bronchi-bronchioles-alveolar ducts-alveolar sacs  
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alveoli   oxygen and co2 are exchaned between blood and air  
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diaphragm   thin domelike sheet of muscle separtes thoarcic cavity from abdominal cavity  
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thorax   chest cavity  
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pleura   covers organs in thoracic cavity  
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visceral layer of pleuara   covers organs  
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parietal layer or pleura   lines the thoracic cavity  
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inspiration   diaphargm flattens  
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expiration   diaphragm goes back to its dome shape  
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tidal volume   volume of air inspired and expired in 1 breath  
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minute volume   volume of air inspired and expired in 1 minute  
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residual volume   volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration  
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What part of the lungs lie directly on the diaphargm?   the base  
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Where does the digestive system run?   from the mouth to the anus  
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What are other names for the digestive system?   digestive tract, gastrointestinal tract (GI), or alimentary canal, or gut  
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herbivores   plant eating  
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omnivores   meat and plant eating  
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carnivores   eat only meat  
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mono-gastric   single or simple stomach  
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ruminants   mixing or fermentators; have3 multiple compartments in the stomach  
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What are the 5 basic functions of the digestive system?   1. ingest food and water 2. digest and absorb food and water 3. excrete waste products 4. secrete hormones and enzymes 5. convert nutrients to energy  
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peristalsis   contractions that move contents along the digestive tract  
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segmentation   contractions that mix the contents of the digestive tract  
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labial   lips  
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What are the 3 main salivary glands that most domestic animals have?   1. parotid 2. mandibular 3. sublingual  
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maxilla   contains the upper arcade of teeth  
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mandible   contains the lower arcade of teeth  
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occlusal surface   where teeth come together or chewing surface of teeth  
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incisors   grasping teeth  
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canines   tearing teeth (tusks in some animals)  
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premolars   cutting teeth (cheek teeth)  
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molars   grinding teeth  
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lingual surface   faces the tongue  
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palatal surface   faces the hard palate  
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labial surface   faces the lips  
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buccal surface   faces the cheeks  
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What is the feline dental formula?   I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1  
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What is the canine dental formula?   I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3  
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apex of a tooth   tip of the tooth where the root and nerve enter  
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pulp   center of the tooth  
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dentin   surrounds the tooth pulp and protects it  
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cementum   covers the root tip and helps fasten it securely in its socket  
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enamel   covers the crown of the tooth and is the hardest surface in the body  
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Where does the esophagus enter the stomach?   the cardia  
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What shape is the mono-gastric stomach?   c-shaped  
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fundus   blind pouch that will expand to hold more food as it is swallowed  
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body   middle portion of the stomach  
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pyloric antrum   grinds up swallowed food and regulates hydrochloric acid  
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pylorus   sphincter to regulate movement of chyme to duodenum and prevent back flow  
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How many stomachs does the ruminant have?   1 true stomach and 3 forestomachs  
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reticulum   smallest and most cranial compartment; honeycomb like compartment increases absorption  
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hardware disease   irritation of the lining of the reticulum caused by metal or wire  
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rumen   large, fermentive vat that processes plant-like material into energy  
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omasum   has many muscular folds in the lining  
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abomasum   true stomach of the ruminant  
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How is a young ruminants stomach different that a grown ruminant?   it acts as a mono-gastric stomach  
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Where are the majority of nutrients absorbed in the GI system?   small intestine  
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What are the 3 portions of the small intestine?   duodenum, jejunum, and ileum  
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villi   fold in the small intestine that help absorb nutrients  
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micro-villi   fold on the villi that absorb nutrients  
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brush boarder   layer of micro-villi  
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What are the 3 sections of the large intestines?   cecum, colon, and rectum  
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Is the cecum more developed in carnivores or ruminants?   ruminants  
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Where is bile mainly produces and stored?   produced: hepatic ducts in liver stored: gall bladder  
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What organ plays a part in both lubrication and digestion?   salivary glands  
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What are deciduous teeth?   baby teeth  
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Milk in what compartment can cause serious disruption in normal fermentation?   rumen  
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What disease is characterized by decreased movement of ingesta in the intestines?   ileus  
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What vitamins are fat soluble?   A, D, E, and K  
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Where are bile acids made?   in the liver  
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These salivary glands are located just ventral to the ear.   parotid salivary glands  
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Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.   ascites  
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This salivary gland is located just medial to the shafts of the mandible.   sublingual salivary glands  
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Loss of muscle tone in the esophagus can lead to this disease.   Megaesophagus  
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What are the 6 functions of the kidneys?   1. blood filtration 2. re-absorption 3. secretion 4. fluid balance 5. pH regulation 6. hormone production  
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hilus   indented side of the kidney where blood, lymph vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave  
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renal pelvis   funnel shaped area in the hilus where urine forms  
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renal cortex   outer portion of kidney  
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medulla   inner portion of kidney around renal pelvis  
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nephron   the basic functional unit of the kidney; made up of hundreds of thousands  
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What hormones regulate urine volume?   antidiuretic and aldosterone  
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polyuria   increased urine volume  
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Where do the ureters enter the bladder?   the neck  
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Insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone can result in what?   polyuria  
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Production of little urine   Oliguria  
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meisos   process of cell division the produces reporoductive and ensures that the genetic makeup of each animal is different  
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when is the DNA of an animal the same?   clones and identical twins  
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chromosomes   thread-like accumulations of DNA in the nucleus of the cell; contains the genetic material of the cell  
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diploid chromosomes   total number of the chromosomes in the nucleus (number is paired)  
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sex chromosomes   determine gender X, Y  
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diploid chromosome number   reduced number of chromosomes in the reproductive cell  
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mitosis   when all other body cells divide  
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spermatogenesis   production of spermatozoa in the semineferous tubules  
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What sex chromosomes do sperm have?   1/2 of the spermatozoa produced have an X chromosome and 1/2 of the spermatozoa produced have a Y chromosome to determine gender  
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oogenesis   production of ova in the follicles  
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When is the number of oocytes in the female determined?   shortly after birth  
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What are the 3 main functions of the male reportductive system?   1.) Produce sex hormones 2.)Produce sperm 3.) Deliver sperm to the female system at the appropriate time  
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testes   male gonads where reproductive cells are formed  
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scrotum   houses the testicles  
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What are the 2 main functions of the testes?   1. spermatogenesis 2. hormone production  
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spermatozoan   long thin cells with 3 main parts  
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What are the 3 main parts of a sperm cell?   1. head 2. midsection 3. tail  
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acrosome   caplike structure in the head of the sperm that breaks into the oocyte  
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What is the part of the sperm that contains all of the power?   the midsection  
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inguinal rings   at or soon after birth the testicles descend through these into the scrotum  
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gubernaculum   bad of tissue that hold the testicles  
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cremaster muscles   adjust testis position closer to the body or further based on temperature  
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spermatic cord   links testis with rest of the body  
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paniform plexus   tiny meshwork of veins tat supply bloodflow around testicles  
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vas deferens   moves sperm to the epididymis  
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urethrea   carries urine and sperm out of the body  
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prostate gland   surrounds the urethra; some of its secretions carry into it  
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What is the only reproductive accesory organ in dogs.   prostate  
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bulbourethral gland   secrete lubrications into the urethra before ejaculation  
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penis   male breeding organ  
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What is the largest part of the male penis?   body  
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What part of the penis do cats have spines on?   glans of penis or tip  
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prepuce   sheath of skin enclosing penis when it is not erect  
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os penis   bone in the penis of dogs, walrus, and racoons  
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bulb of the glans   swells when dogs mate and allows "the tie"  
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sigmoid flexure   non-erect penis of the bull, ram, and boar  
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What are the 5 main functions of the female reproductive system?   1.) recieve male reproductive cells, 2.) furnishes a site for the ovum 3.) provides an environment for the embryo/fetus 4.) carries pregnancy 5.) pushes the fetus into the world  
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ovaries   female gonads  
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What are the 2 main functions of the ovaries?   production of cells and production of hormones  
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oogenesis   process where ova are produced in the follicle of the ovaries  
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estrogens   hormone that causes behavioral that prepare an animal for breeding and pregnancy  
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progestins   hormone that prepares the uterus for implantation and maintains pregnancy  
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What 2 hormones influence the ovarian cycle?   follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone  
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uniparous   species that typically give birth to 1 offspring at a time (humans, horses and, cattle)  
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multiparous   species that typically give birth to liters of offspring (dogs, cats, and sows)  
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oviducts or fallopian tubes   small, convoluted tubes that extend from the tip of the uterine horns  
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infundibulum   funnel-like fingers that catch the ova  
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uterus   womb where the fertilized ovum implants and lives until birth  
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placenta   life support sytem from mother to embryo  
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cervix   musclar valve the closes off uterus from the outside world  
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When is the only times that the uterus opens?   birth and estrus  
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vagina   tube that recieves penis and breeding and acts as the birth canal  
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What is the only external female reporoductive organ?   vulva  
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vestibule   entrance to the vagina  
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clitoris   female equal to the penis  
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labia   external boundary of the vagina  
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What is the definitions of a full estrous cycle?   the begining of one heat cycle to another  
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polyestrus   animals the cycle continuosly throughout the year  
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What animals are polyestrous?   cattle and swine  
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seasonally estrous   animals the cycle at certain times through the year  
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What animals are seasonally estrous?   horse, sheep, and cats  
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diestrous   animals that have 2 cycles per year (usually spring and fall)  
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What animals are diestrous?   dogs  
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monoestrus   animals that only have 1 heat cycle a year  
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What anaimals are monoestrus   mink and fox  
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What are the 5 stages of the heat cycle in order?   1. Proestrus 2. Estrus 3. Metestrus 4. Diestrus 5. Anestrus  
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This is the actual heat period and when the female is receptive to sexual activity?   estrus  
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This is a period of temporary inactivity between breeding cycles?   anestrus  
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This is a period of follice development in the ovary?   proestrus  
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What cells have haploid chromosomes numbers?   spermaozoa and ova  
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What letter spem cell needs to fertilize the ovum for the offspring to come out a male?   Y  
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Why is the mid-piece of the sperm refered to as the power plant?   it contains the mitochondria  
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In cold conditions, this muscle contracts to pull the testes closer to the body.   cremaster  
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What is the purpose of the gubernaculum?   it is the site of attatchment for the testes in the fetus's abdomen  
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When are the sperm transported from the vas defrens into the urethra?   during ejaculation  
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True or False: Spermatozoa make up the majority of semen.   False  
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What animals have an os penis?   dog, walrus, and racoon  
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The glans of this animal is covered with short spines.   cat  
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What is the significance of the bulb of the glans n the dog?   when it is enlarged, it is impossible for the male to withdraw from the female  
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Which animals have a sigmoid flexure?   boar, ram, and bull  
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What hormone must surge before ovulation will occur?   lutenizing hormone  
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Where does fertilization USUALLY take place   fallopian tubes  
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What is the embryologic euivilant of the penis in the female?   clitoris  
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body of the uterus   the main part of the uterus  
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broad ligament   paired sheets of connective tissue that suspend the uterus from the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity and attatch to the abdominal wall  
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epididymis   ribbon like structure along the surface of the testis where the sperm is stored  
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vas defrens   muscular tube that carries sperm and fluids to the urethra at ejaculation  
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Are the testes kept warmer or cooler than body temperature?   cooler  
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