Anatomy VTNE Review
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anatomy | deals with the form and structure of the body and it's parts (what things look like and where they're located)
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physiology | deals with functions of the body and its parts (how things work and what they do)
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What is the idea of bilateral symmetry of the animal body? | the left and right halves are essentially mirror images of one another and single structures are toward midline
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What are the 2 main body cavities in the mammalian body? | dorsal and ventral body cavity
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dorsal body cavity | contains the brain and spinal cord and their cavities
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ventral body cavity | contains the soft organs of the body
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How are the organs of the ventral body cavity divided? | the diaphragm divides into the cranial thoracic cavity and the caudal abdominal cavity
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pleura | thin membrane that covers all organs
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visceral pleura | pleura that covers the organs
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parietal pleura | pleura that covers the the entire cavity
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pluritis/pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura
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peritoneum | lines the abdominal organs
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peritonitis | painful inflammation of the peritoneum mainly resulting from a wound or rupture of the GI tract
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cell | the most basic unit
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tissues | similar cells grouped together
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organs | groups of tissues working together for the same purpose
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systems | organs with a common set of activities
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homeostasis | maintenance of a dynamic equallibrium in the body (balance)
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prokaryotes | cells with no nucleus
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eukaryotes | cells with a true nucleus
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cells membrane/plasma membrane | encloses the cell
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cytoplasm | fluid portion of the cells that suspends the organelles; enzymes and other proteins are produced here
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organelles | small "organs" that carry out function in the cell
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micro-villa | present in the cells of the digestive tract, projections that come out of the cell that help in absorption
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cilia | present in cells of the respiratory tract where a projection from the cell prevents dust and foreign bodies from entering the lungs
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ribosomes | protein synthesis and very numerous
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mitochondria | produces ATP (energy)
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endoplasmic reticulum | transport and storage
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golgi body | sorts and packages proteins
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lysosomes | digestive enzymes
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peroxisomes | detoxify molecules
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nucleus | control center of the cell, maintains heredity function and controls cellular activities during protein synthesis
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true or false: everything inside the cell other than the nucleus is genetic material. | false
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True or False: mitochondria contain the DNA, RNA and the enzymes possible to make protein. | false
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True or False: Protein intended for extra-cellular use and in the plasma membrane is synthesized in ribosomes evenly distributed throughout the cytoskeleton. | true
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What three structures are found in the mammalian cells despite three billion years of evolution? | cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane
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What are the principal components of cytoplasm? | cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions, and cytosol
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How many mitochondria are in the average mammalian cell? | it depends on the cells activity level (highly active cells require more mitochondria)
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What do ribosomes produce? | proteins
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The outer layer of the nuclear membrane in continuous with what? | the cell membrane
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What are the 4 types of tissues? | epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
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gross anatomy | the study of economic structures that can be seen with the naked eye
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microanatomy/histology | microscopic study of organs
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What is the most abundant tissue in the body? | connective
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fibroblasts | cells that produce ordinary connective tissue
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fibrocytes | less active adult cells
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What kind of tissue forms tendons? | dense regular connective tissue
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What kind of tissue forms ligaments and the dermis of the skin? | dense irregular connective tissue
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? | skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
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What is the first stage of tissue healing and repair? | inflammation
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infection | inflammatory response from viruses, bacteria, and fungi
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Is scar tissue as strong as the original tissue? | no
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excretions | substances the leave the body
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keratin | protective, waterproof substance
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pathogens | bacteria and viruses
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mucin | thick, sticky substance of glycoproteins and proteglandins; when water is added it turns to mucus
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duct | carries secretions to deposit site
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edema | spaces in loose connective tissue fill with body fluid in trauma
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adipose | fat
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cartilage | tough, specialized connective tissue
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mucus membranes | line organs and have access to the outside environment
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True or False: Connective tissue has no direct blood supply and epithelial tissue is vascularized. | False: Connective tissue is vascular and epithelial tissue is avascular.
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Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that contains an abundant supply of nerves. | False: Cartilage does not contain nerves
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True of False: bone is specialized connective that is well vascularized, protects vital organs such as the brain and heart, acts as a calcium reserve, and is the site of blood cell production and fat storage. | True
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True or False: Mucus membranes line the walls and cover the organs fill closed body cavities. | False
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What structure acts as a partial barrier between the epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue? | the basement membrane
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What type of membrane lines the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts? | mucus
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What is the first process in inflammation? | vasoconstriction to control hemorrhaging
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os, osteo | bone
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osteocytes | bone cells
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What is the 2nd hardest structure in the body? | bone
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What are the 5 main functions of bone? | 1. support 2. protection 3. leverage 4. storage 5. hematopoiesis
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What is the purpose of calcetonin? | prevents hypercalcemia by depositing excess calcium in bones
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What is the purpose of parathyroid hormone? | prevents hypocalcemia by withdrawing calcium from bones
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cancellous bone | spongy bone that is filled with marrow
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compact bone | heavy, dense, outside layer of bone
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osteoblasts | cells that form bone then supply minerals to harden it
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osteocytes | mature bone cells
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osteoclasts | remodel bone cells when needed
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long bones | longer than wide
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short bones | shaped like cubes or marsh mellows
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flat bones | thin and flat
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irregular bones | don't fit into the other categories (misc)
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What fills the space inside bones? | marrow
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red bone marrow | forms blood cells
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yellow bone marrow | adipose but can revert back to red
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condyle | large, round, articular surface
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head | spherical surface on end of a long bone
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facet | flat surface
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process | all lumps, bumps, and projections in a bone
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foramen | hole in a bone; usually for a nerve or vessel to pass
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fossa | sunken area in bone
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brachycephalic | short faced
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dolicocephalic | long faced
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maxillary | upper jaw
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lacrimal | from medial orbit of eye
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hyoid bone | h-shaped and supports base of tongue, pharynx, larynx, and helps animal swallow
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c1 (atlas) | first vertebra that helps hold up the head
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c2 (axis) | has dens that hook into atlas
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ribs | flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax
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sternum | breastbone that forms the floor of the thorax
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scapula | most proximal bone of the thoracic limb
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humerus | long bone of the upper arm
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What bones make up the antebrachium? | radius and ulna
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radius | main weight bearing bone of the forearm
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ulna | helps form the elbow
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carpus | 2 rows of carpal bones
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metacarpal bones | extend distally from distal row to proximal phalanges
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phalanges | bones of the digits
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seasmoid bones | found in some tendons; irregular bones
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How many bones does the pelvis begin as? | 3
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ilium | cranial most part of pelvis;wings of pelvis
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ischium | caudal most pelvic bone
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pubis | smallest of pelvic bones that forms cranial portion of pubic floor
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acetabulum | 3 pelvic bones that form this ball and socket joint
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obturator foramen | holes in the pelvis to lighten it
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femur | long bone in thigh
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patella | knee cap
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What is the largest seasmoid bone in the body? | the patella
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fabellae | 2 small seasmoid bones in the calf muscle in cats and dogs
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tibia | main weight bearing bone in the lower leg
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fibula | thin, but complete bone that parallels tibia
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tarsal bone | ankle (hock)
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metatarsal bones | similar to metacarpal bones
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os cordis | bone of the heart in cattle or sheep that support it
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os penis | bone in penis that supports it in dog, walrus, beavers, and raccoon
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os rostri | bone to strengthen the nose of swine
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joints | junctions between bones
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arthro, articular | joint
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fibrous joints | completely immobile
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cartilaginous joints | slightly mobile
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synovial joints | freely movable
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flexion | decreases angle
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extension | increases angle
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adduction | toward medial plane
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abduction | away from the medial plane
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rotation | twisting on axis
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circumduction | distal portion moves in a circular motion
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hinge joints | one joint surface swivels around another
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gliding joint | rocking motion from 1 bone to another
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pivot joint | one bone rotates around another
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ball and socket joint | permits all synovial movement
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What are the 3 types of muscles? | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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myo | muscle
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sarco | muscle cells
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sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of the muscle cell
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voluntary striated muscle | skeletal muscle
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tendon | attach muscles to bones
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aponeuroses | broad sheets of fibrous connective tissue
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origin of muscle | a muscles more stable attachment site; less movable
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insertion of muscle | site of muscle that undergoes movement
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Do muscles work alone? | rarely
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prime mover (agonist) | directly produces desired movement
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antagonist | directly opposes prime mover
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synergist | contracts at the same time as the prime mover
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fixator muscle | stabilizes joints to allow movements to happen
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What are the 7 ways skeletal muscles are named? | action, shape, location, number of heads, directions of fibers, attachment sites, and selected muscles
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How many nuclei per cell do skeletal muscles have? | 100+
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involuntary striated muscle | cardiac muscle
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What muscle contracts with wave-like contractions? | cardiac
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non-striated involuntary muscle | smooth muscle
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What are the 2 forms of smooth muscle? | 1. large sheets of cells in some hollow organs
2. small discrete groups of cells
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What is the muscle of mastication? | masseters
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What muscle contracts during inspiration? | diaphragm
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cutaneous muscle | thin muscle in the connective tissue beneath the skin
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brachium | upper arm region
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viscera | soft internal organs
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neuro | nervous system
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What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system? | central and peripheral
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peripheral nervous system | cord like nerves that link the CNS to the rest of the body
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What 3 categories do the activities of the nervous system fall into? | sensory, motor, or integrating
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neurons | basic functional units of the nervous system
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True or false: Neurons have a high requirement for oxygen. | True
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neuroglia (glial cells) | support and protect neurons but are not involved in the central cell body
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dendrites | recieve stimuli or impulses from other neurons and conduct it to the cell body
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axon | conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body to a neuron or effector cell
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effector cell | cell that does something when stimulated
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myelin | fatty substance that covers that axons
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afferent nerve impulses | conduct nerve impulses toward the CNS
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efferent nerve impulses | carry nerve impulses away from CNS
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somatic nervous system | voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
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autonomic nervous system | self-regulating system (smooth and cardiac muscle)
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cerebrum | largest part of the brain
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gyri | folds of the brain
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sulci | shallow grooves of the brain
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fissures | deep grooves of the brain
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cerebellum | part of the brain just caudal to the cerebrum; responsible for balance, coordination, posture, and reflexes
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diencephalon | passageway between cerebellum and brain stem
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brain stem | connects the brain and the spinal cord
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What are the 3 things that make up the brain stem? | pons, medulla oblongata, and the mid-brain
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meninges | connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord;also supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients to tissues of the brain and spinal cord
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cerebrospinal fluid | fluid that protects that brain and spinal cord from hard surfaces of the skull and spinal cord
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blood-brain barrier | barrier that separates the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue
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cranial nerves | special set of 12 nerves that originate directly from the brain
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resting state | when the neuron is not stimulated
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cerebral cortex | the outer layer of the brain
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fenstrations | openings
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central canal | center of the spinal canal
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True or false: Neurons have a good reproductive ability. | False
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True or False: Spinal nerves are in the CNS? | True
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True or False: In fight or flight, activity in the GI tract is increased. | True
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Axons in the CNS are covered by what? | oligodendrites
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When you pet a dog, what receptors send a sensation from the skin to that brain? | afferent
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What part of the brain is responsible for learning, intelligence, and awareness? | cerebrum
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Damage to this part of the brain can result in rapid death. | brain stem
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Where is the blood-brain barrier found? | the capillaries
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Somatic reflex arcs include what? | skeletal muscles
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What is a common reflex used to assess the depth of anesthesia? | pupillary light reflex
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What is the purpose of the endocrine system? | helps maintain homeostasis in the body
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Where are hormones produced? | in the endocrine glands
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What other system does the endocrine system typically work with? | the nervous system
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What product is produced in the endocrine system? | hormones
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What is the basic unit of the endocrine system? | endocrine glands
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Where does the endocrine glands secrete its hormones? | directly into the blood stream (ductless)
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Where do exocrine glands secrete their products? | onto the epithelial surfaces through ducts
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What does a hormone do when it reaches it's target? | it changes some of the cell's activity
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How is hormone secretion controlled? | a thermostat-like system; when hormone levels fall the body secretes more
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Where is the hypothalamus located? | in the brain-part of the diencephalon
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What does that hypothalamus regulate? | appetite control, temperature regulation, and wake/sleep cycles
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What hormones are the anterior pituitary responsible for? | growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulation hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulation hormone, luteinizing hormone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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growth hormone | growth, metabolism and increasing sugars
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prolactin | triggers and maintains lactation in females
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thyroid stimulating hormone | growth and development of the thyroid gland, and causing the thyroid gland to produce hormones
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adrenocorticotropic hormone | stimulates growth and development of the adrenal cortex and the release of some of it's hormones
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follicle stimulating hormone | Females: growth and development of the ovaries
Males: spermogenesis
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luteinizing hormone | completes process of follicle development on the female
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melanocyte stimulating hormone | color changing in fish, reptiles and amphibians
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Does the posterior pituitary produce hormones? | no-stores hormones produced in the hypothalamus
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anti-diuretic hormone | prevents dieresis- loss of large amounts of water through the urine
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oxytocin | uterine contractions at time of birth and at mating causes contractions to help sperm to follicle
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thyroid gland | consists of 2 lobes on both sides of the larynx
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thyroid hormone | heats body and helps metabolism; also effects growth in young animals
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Calcitonin | maintains homeostasis in blood calcium levels by lowering calcium levels in blood in times of hypercalcemia
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parathyroid hormone | opposes calcetonin by raising calcium levels in blood when hypocalcemia threatens
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What are the adrenal glands named for? | the close proximity to the kidneys
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glucocorticoid hormones | effect blood glucose levels-typically increase
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mineralcortocoid hormones | regulate mineral levels in the body
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pancreas | long, flat organ located near the duodenum
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insulin | lets glucose and amino acids be absorbed into cells
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glucagon | has the opposite effects of insulin and raises blood glucose
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What 2 hormones do the testes produce? | androgens and testosterone
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What 2 hormones do the ovaries produce? | estrogen and progestins
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What hormone does the kidneys produce and what does it do? | erythropoietin-stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of RBCs
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What hormone does the stomach produce and what does it do? | gastrin- acts on stomach walls to produce acid and enzymes to aid in digestion
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What important hormone does the placenta produce and what does it do? | chorionic gonadotropin- tells +/- on a pregnancy test (indicates pregnancy)
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What system controls hormone secretion? | negative feedback system
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What is another name for the pituitary gland? | hypophysis
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What is another name for the growth hormone? | somatotropic hormone
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A deficiency in the anti-diuretic hormone causes what disease? | diabetes insipidus
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homeostasis | balance
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mediastinum | space between the 2 pleural cavities that contain the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus and some vascular structures
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What is the outer layer of the heart called? | pericardium
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What is the inner sac of the heart called? | myocardium
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Between myocardium and the lining of the heart is thin layer of lining. What is this called? | endocardium
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Where is the base of the heart located? | the top of the heart
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Where is the apex of the heart located? | bottom of the heart
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auricles | largest most visible part of the atria (look like ears over the ventricles)
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sulci (of the heart) | grooves separating ventricles
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Are the ventricle walls or the atria walls of the heart thicker and why? | ventricle walls are thicker because they have to pump blood to the rest of the body.
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aorta | largest artery in the body
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ccardiac cycle | each contraction of the heart
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systole | heart muscles contract and blood is ejected
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diastole | heart relaxes and blood refills
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SA Node | pacemaker of the hear; regulates heartbeat
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What is different about a fetuses circulation? | Since the mother supplies oxygen and nutrients, the fetusus' blood supply bypasses it's lungs
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When does a fetus's lungs inflate? | at birth when it takes it's first breath
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Where is the mitral valve located? | left side
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Where is the tricuspid valve located? | right side
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cardiac output | amount of blood that leaves the heart that is determined by stroke volume and heart reate (sroke volume*HR)
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stroke volume | amount of blood ejected with each contraction
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heartrate | how often the heart contracts
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What affects cardiac output? | blood pressue and fight or flight response
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arteries | take blood away from the heart
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veins | take blood to the heart
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True or False: The mediastinum is also called the intrapleural space? | true
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What is the heart muscle called? | myocardium
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What component of the heart has the thickest walls? | left ventricle
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True or False: The SA Node is unable to repolarize itself. | False
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What are specialized fibers that conduct electrical currents? | purkinje fibers
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What blood vessels do not have muscles in their walls? | capillaries
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What effect does general anesthesia have on the cardiovascular system? | decreases cardiac output
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external respiration | occurs in the lungs-exchange of oxygen and co2
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internal respiration | occurs all over the body-exchange of oxygen and co2in the blood between tissues and cells
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phonation | voice production; begins in the larynx and vocal cords
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olfactory | sense of smell
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What organs are included in the upper respiratory tract? | nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea
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nares | nostrils
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turbinates | thin, scroll bones that occupy the nasal passages and help warm air
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paranasal sinuses | outpouches of pasal passages contained within the skull bones (named for what bone they are found in)
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epiglottis | covers the opening of the larynx when the animal swallows
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glottis | opening of the larynx formed by cartilages
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What is included in the lower repiratory tract? | bronchi and alveoli
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bronchi tree | from the bronchi to the alveolo
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Where does air go after entering the lungs? | bronchus-bronchi-bronchioles-alveolar ducts-alveolar sacs
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alveoli | oxygen and co2 are exchaned between blood and air
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diaphragm | thin domelike sheet of muscle separtes thoarcic cavity from abdominal cavity
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thorax | chest cavity
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pleura | covers organs in thoracic cavity
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visceral layer of pleuara | covers organs
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parietal layer or pleura | lines the thoracic cavity
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inspiration | diaphargm flattens
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expiration | diaphragm goes back to its dome shape
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tidal volume | volume of air inspired and expired in 1 breath
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minute volume | volume of air inspired and expired in 1 minute
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residual volume | volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
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What part of the lungs lie directly on the diaphargm? | the base
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Where does the digestive system run? | from the mouth to the anus
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What are other names for the digestive system? | digestive tract, gastrointestinal tract (GI), or alimentary canal, or gut
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herbivores | plant eating
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omnivores | meat and plant eating
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carnivores | eat only meat
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mono-gastric | single or simple stomach
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ruminants | mixing or fermentators; have3 multiple compartments in the stomach
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What are the 5 basic functions of the digestive system? | 1. ingest food and water 2. digest and absorb food and water 3. excrete waste products 4. secrete hormones and enzymes 5. convert nutrients to energy
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peristalsis | contractions that move contents along the digestive tract
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segmentation | contractions that mix the contents of the digestive tract
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labial | lips
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What are the 3 main salivary glands that most domestic animals have? | 1. parotid 2. mandibular 3. sublingual
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maxilla | contains the upper arcade of teeth
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mandible | contains the lower arcade of teeth
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occlusal surface | where teeth come together or chewing surface of teeth
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incisors | grasping teeth
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canines | tearing teeth (tusks in some animals)
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premolars | cutting teeth (cheek teeth)
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molars | grinding teeth
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lingual surface | faces the tongue
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palatal surface | faces the hard palate
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labial surface | faces the lips
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buccal surface | faces the cheeks
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What is the feline dental formula? | I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1
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What is the canine dental formula? | I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3
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apex of a tooth | tip of the tooth where the root and nerve enter
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pulp | center of the tooth
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dentin | surrounds the tooth pulp and protects it
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cementum | covers the root tip and helps fasten it securely in its socket
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enamel | covers the crown of the tooth and is the hardest surface in the body
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Where does the esophagus enter the stomach? | the cardia
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What shape is the mono-gastric stomach? | c-shaped
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fundus | blind pouch that will expand to hold more food as it is swallowed
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body | middle portion of the stomach
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pyloric antrum | grinds up swallowed food and regulates hydrochloric acid
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pylorus | sphincter to regulate movement of chyme to duodenum and prevent back flow
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How many stomachs does the ruminant have? | 1 true stomach and 3 forestomachs
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reticulum | smallest and most cranial compartment; honeycomb like compartment increases absorption
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hardware disease | irritation of the lining of the reticulum caused by metal or wire
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rumen | large, fermentive vat that processes plant-like material into energy
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omasum | has many muscular folds in the lining
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|
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abomasum | true stomach of the ruminant
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|
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How is a young ruminants stomach different that a grown ruminant? | it acts as a mono-gastric stomach
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|
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Where are the majority of nutrients absorbed in the GI system? | small intestine
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|
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What are the 3 portions of the small intestine? | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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|
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villi | fold in the small intestine that help absorb nutrients
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|
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micro-villi | fold on the villi that absorb nutrients
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|
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brush boarder | layer of micro-villi
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|
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What are the 3 sections of the large intestines? | cecum, colon, and rectum
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|
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Is the cecum more developed in carnivores or ruminants? | ruminants
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|
||||
Where is bile mainly produces and stored? | produced: hepatic ducts in liver
stored: gall bladder
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|
||||
What organ plays a part in both lubrication and digestion? | salivary glands
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|
||||
What are deciduous teeth? | baby teeth
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|
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Milk in what compartment can cause serious disruption in normal fermentation? | rumen
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|
||||
What disease is characterized by decreased movement of ingesta in the intestines? | ileus
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|
||||
What vitamins are fat soluble? | A, D, E, and K
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|
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Where are bile acids made? | in the liver
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|
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These salivary glands are located just ventral to the ear. | parotid salivary glands
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|
||||
Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen. | ascites
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|
||||
This salivary gland is located just medial to the shafts of the mandible. | sublingual salivary glands
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|
||||
Loss of muscle tone in the esophagus can lead to this disease. | Megaesophagus
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|
||||
What are the 6 functions of the kidneys? | 1. blood filtration 2. re-absorption 3. secretion 4. fluid balance 5. pH regulation 6. hormone production
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|
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hilus | indented side of the kidney where blood, lymph vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave
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|
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renal pelvis | funnel shaped area in the hilus where urine forms
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|
||||
renal cortex | outer portion of kidney
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|
||||
medulla | inner portion of kidney around renal pelvis
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|
||||
nephron | the basic functional unit of the kidney; made up of hundreds of thousands
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|
||||
What hormones regulate urine volume? | antidiuretic and aldosterone
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|
||||
polyuria | increased urine volume
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|
||||
Where do the ureters enter the bladder? | the neck
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|
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Insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone can result in what? | polyuria
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|
||||
Production of little urine | Oliguria
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|
||||
meisos | process of cell division the produces reporoductive and ensures that the genetic makeup of each animal is different
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|
||||
when is the DNA of an animal the same? | clones and identical twins
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|
||||
chromosomes | thread-like accumulations of DNA in the nucleus of the cell; contains the genetic material of the cell
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|
||||
diploid chromosomes | total number of the chromosomes in the nucleus (number is paired)
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|
||||
sex chromosomes | determine gender X, Y
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|
||||
diploid chromosome number | reduced number of chromosomes in the reproductive cell
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|
||||
mitosis | when all other body cells divide
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|
||||
spermatogenesis | production of spermatozoa in the semineferous tubules
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|
||||
What sex chromosomes do sperm have? | 1/2 of the spermatozoa produced have an X chromosome and 1/2 of the spermatozoa produced have a Y chromosome to determine gender
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|
||||
oogenesis | production of ova in the follicles
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|
||||
When is the number of oocytes in the female determined? | shortly after birth
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|
||||
What are the 3 main functions of the male reportductive system? | 1.) Produce sex hormones 2.)Produce sperm 3.) Deliver sperm to the female system at the appropriate time
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|
||||
testes | male gonads where reproductive cells are formed
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|
||||
scrotum | houses the testicles
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|
||||
What are the 2 main functions of the testes? | 1. spermatogenesis 2. hormone production
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|
||||
spermatozoan | long thin cells with 3 main parts
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|
||||
What are the 3 main parts of a sperm cell? | 1. head 2. midsection 3. tail
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|
||||
acrosome | caplike structure in the head of the sperm that breaks into the oocyte
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|
||||
What is the part of the sperm that contains all of the power? | the midsection
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|
||||
inguinal rings | at or soon after birth the testicles descend through these into the scrotum
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|
||||
gubernaculum | bad of tissue that hold the testicles
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|
||||
cremaster muscles | adjust testis position closer to the body or further based on temperature
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|
||||
spermatic cord | links testis with rest of the body
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|
||||
paniform plexus | tiny meshwork of veins tat supply bloodflow around testicles
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|
||||
vas deferens | moves sperm to the epididymis
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|
||||
urethrea | carries urine and sperm out of the body
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|
||||
prostate gland | surrounds the urethra; some of its secretions carry into it
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|
||||
What is the only reproductive accesory organ in dogs. | prostate
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|
||||
bulbourethral gland | secrete lubrications into the urethra before ejaculation
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|
||||
penis | male breeding organ
🗑
|
||||
What is the largest part of the male penis? | body
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|
||||
What part of the penis do cats have spines on? | glans of penis or tip
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|
||||
prepuce | sheath of skin enclosing penis when it is not erect
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|
||||
os penis | bone in the penis of dogs, walrus, and racoons
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|
||||
bulb of the glans | swells when dogs mate and allows "the tie"
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|
||||
sigmoid flexure | non-erect penis of the bull, ram, and boar
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|
||||
What are the 5 main functions of the female reproductive system? | 1.) recieve male reproductive cells, 2.) furnishes a site for the ovum 3.) provides an environment for the embryo/fetus 4.) carries pregnancy 5.) pushes the fetus into the world
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|
||||
ovaries | female gonads
🗑
|
||||
What are the 2 main functions of the ovaries? | production of cells and production of hormones
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|
||||
oogenesis | process where ova are produced in the follicle of the ovaries
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|
||||
estrogens | hormone that causes behavioral that prepare an animal for breeding and pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
progestins | hormone that prepares the uterus for implantation and maintains pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
What 2 hormones influence the ovarian cycle? | follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone
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|
||||
uniparous | species that typically give birth to 1 offspring at a time (humans, horses and, cattle)
🗑
|
||||
multiparous | species that typically give birth to liters of offspring (dogs, cats, and sows)
🗑
|
||||
oviducts or fallopian tubes | small, convoluted tubes that extend from the tip of the uterine horns
🗑
|
||||
infundibulum | funnel-like fingers that catch the ova
🗑
|
||||
uterus | womb where the fertilized ovum implants and lives until birth
🗑
|
||||
placenta | life support sytem from mother to embryo
🗑
|
||||
cervix | musclar valve the closes off uterus from the outside world
🗑
|
||||
When is the only times that the uterus opens? | birth and estrus
🗑
|
||||
vagina | tube that recieves penis and breeding and acts as the birth canal
🗑
|
||||
What is the only external female reporoductive organ? | vulva
🗑
|
||||
vestibule | entrance to the vagina
🗑
|
||||
clitoris | female equal to the penis
🗑
|
||||
labia | external boundary of the vagina
🗑
|
||||
What is the definitions of a full estrous cycle? | the begining of one heat cycle to another
🗑
|
||||
polyestrus | animals the cycle continuosly throughout the year
🗑
|
||||
What animals are polyestrous? | cattle and swine
🗑
|
||||
seasonally estrous | animals the cycle at certain times through the year
🗑
|
||||
What animals are seasonally estrous? | horse, sheep, and cats
🗑
|
||||
diestrous | animals that have 2 cycles per year (usually spring and fall)
🗑
|
||||
What animals are diestrous? | dogs
🗑
|
||||
monoestrus | animals that only have 1 heat cycle a year
🗑
|
||||
What anaimals are monoestrus | mink and fox
🗑
|
||||
What are the 5 stages of the heat cycle in order? | 1. Proestrus 2. Estrus 3. Metestrus 4. Diestrus 5. Anestrus
🗑
|
||||
This is the actual heat period and when the female is receptive to sexual activity? | estrus
🗑
|
||||
This is a period of temporary inactivity between breeding cycles? | anestrus
🗑
|
||||
This is a period of follice development in the ovary? | proestrus
🗑
|
||||
What cells have haploid chromosomes numbers? | spermaozoa and ova
🗑
|
||||
What letter spem cell needs to fertilize the ovum for the offspring to come out a male? | Y
🗑
|
||||
Why is the mid-piece of the sperm refered to as the power plant? | it contains the mitochondria
🗑
|
||||
In cold conditions, this muscle contracts to pull the testes closer to the body. | cremaster
🗑
|
||||
What is the purpose of the gubernaculum? | it is the site of attatchment for the testes in the fetus's abdomen
🗑
|
||||
When are the sperm transported from the vas defrens into the urethra? | during ejaculation
🗑
|
||||
True or False: Spermatozoa make up the majority of semen. | False
🗑
|
||||
What animals have an os penis? | dog, walrus, and racoon
🗑
|
||||
The glans of this animal is covered with short spines. | cat
🗑
|
||||
What is the significance of the bulb of the glans n the dog? | when it is enlarged, it is impossible for the male to withdraw from the female
🗑
|
||||
Which animals have a sigmoid flexure? | boar, ram, and bull
🗑
|
||||
What hormone must surge before ovulation will occur? | lutenizing hormone
🗑
|
||||
Where does fertilization USUALLY take place | fallopian tubes
🗑
|
||||
What is the embryologic euivilant of the penis in the female? | clitoris
🗑
|
||||
body of the uterus | the main part of the uterus
🗑
|
||||
broad ligament | paired sheets of connective tissue that suspend the uterus from the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity and attatch to the abdominal wall
🗑
|
||||
epididymis | ribbon like structure along the surface of the testis where the sperm is stored
🗑
|
||||
vas defrens | muscular tube that carries sperm and fluids to the urethra at ejaculation
🗑
|
||||
Are the testes kept warmer or cooler than body temperature? | cooler
🗑
|
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