bio- evolution from coursesaver notes
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| Evolutionary order of plants | bryophytes -> gymnosperms -> angiosperms
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| adaptive radiation | divergent evolution
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| allopatric speciation | forming of a new species through the geographic isolation of groups from the parent population (alla-geo)
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| Homologous Structures | same evolutionary origin; same basic anatomical feature; ex wings of bat, flipper of whale, forelegs of horses, arms of man
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| Analogous Structures | DIFFERENT origins; have similar functions w/ different patterns of development; wings of fly and wings of bird
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| Comparative Embryology | stages of development of embryo resemble stages in an organism’s evolutionary history; human embryo passes through stages that demonstrate common ancestry – 2 layer gastrula of hydra (cnidaria) and 3 layer gastrula similar to flatworm
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| Vestigial Structures | structures that appear to be useless but had ancestral function; ex humans (appendix and tail), horses (splints), python (legs reduced to bones)
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| Mullerian mimicry - | two or more harmful species that are not closely related, and share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals
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| Batesian mimicry | deceptive; harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator
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| Lamarckian Evolution | he was wrong; amount of change based on “use and disuse” of the organ; “inheritance of acquired characteristics” (useful characteristic of one generation was transmitted to the next)
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| Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection | pressures in the environment select for the organism most fit to survive and reproduce
‑Chance variations b/c mutation and recombination
‑If the variation so the more “fit” more likely to survive and reproduce
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| Gene Pool | all the alleles for any given trait in the population
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| Hardy Weinberg Principal | evolution can be viewed as changing gene frequencies within a population; when gene frequency NOT changing => gene pool stable => NO evolution;
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| ideal hardy weinberg situations | 1. Population is very LARGE – (no change in allele frequency – random drift)
2. NO mutations that affect gene pool
3. Random mating
4. NO net migration in/ out of population
5. NO natural selection
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| Hardy-Weinberg equation | p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p2 = frequency of TT // 2pq = frequency of Tt // q2 = frequency of tt
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| K-selected population | members have low reproductive rates and are roughly constant in size (ex. human population)
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| R – selected population | rapid growth, numerous offspring, fast maturation, little postnatal care (ex. bacteria)
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| Stanley L. Miller | demonstrated that the application of uv, heat, or a combination of these to a mix of methane, hydrogen, ammonia, and water could result in complex organic compounds; primordial soup
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| early atmosphere | CH4, NH3, H2, H2S, H2O.
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