Test #1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| According to the DSM-IV’s definition of mental disorder impairment in one or more areas of functioning (disability) | May be present but is not a necessary condition for making a diagnosis
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| Individuals who have alcohol problems tend to come from families with other individuals who have alcohol problems. This would suggest | Although there is an association, no cause-effect relationship can be concluded
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| Why would a researcher want to insure that every person in the larger group of study has an equal chance of being included in the sample? | It increases the researcher’s ability to generalize findings for the larger group
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| What do the cases of Monique and Donald Best illustrate? | Abnormal behavior covers a wide range of behavioral disturbances
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| The mayor of a city wants to know the number of new cases of a disorder over the past year… | Incidence rate
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| Ideally, a sample is described as what? | Representative
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| The fact that body piercings are commonplace today while they would once have been viewed as abnormal illustrates… | The values of a society may change over time
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| Which mental health professional has a doctoral degree in psychology with both research and clinical skill specialization? | Clinical Psychologist
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| A researcher who provides a certain treatment for one group and withholds treatment from a completely comparable group is using | Experimental method
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| In a study of the effects of ice cream on mood, the mood after ice cream exposure can be described as | Dependent variable
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| The Solarists are a cult whose members believe that they control the movements of the sun with special hand gestures… | While some of this group’s members ay meet criteria for a DSM-IV diagnosis, the DSM-IV does not diagnose groups
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| Why is it important to have some understanding of what causes a psychological disorder | The selection of a treatment approach is largely determined by assumptions of causality
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| Which of the following is an example of an analogue study? | Rats prenatally exposed to alcohol are studied to further our understanding of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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| All were likely to be part of moral treatment in the 1800’s except | Antipsychotic medication
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| According to early beliefs, what would characterize an individual with an excess of blood? | Happiness
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| In 1983, a large group of West Bank Palestinian girls showed signs of illness. Some thought they were poisoned, but later it was discovered that psychological factors play a key role. | Mass madness
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| Benjamin Rush is credited with all of the following except | Taking a scientific approach to the study and treatment of mental disorders
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| Which is recognized as a major biomedical breakthrough in psychopathology because it established the link b/w mental and physical illnesses? | The discovery of the cause and later a cure for general paresis (syphilitic insanity)
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| Both _______ and ______ studied the effects of consequences on the occurrence of behaviors | Thorndike; Skinner
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| By the end of the nineteenth century | Little was known about most mental illnesses
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| All are credited with emphasizing the link b/w brain pathology and mental illnesses except | Dix
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| In the United States, an early treatment involved the belief that | Patients needed to choose rationality over insanity and treatments were designed to intimidate patients into choosing correctly
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| Which is true? | Genes play a role in most mental disorders
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| Schemas | May be a source of psychological vulnerability
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| Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship b/w divorce and psychological functioning of family members? | Cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely
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| Suppose that, using linkage analysis, a researcher finds that family members with a high likelihood of developing depression also are very likely to be of below average height | The gene for depression is probably located near the gene for height
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| Sammy was deprived of his mother and father’s love as a child. Operant conditioning theorists… | A lack of social skills; dysfunctional self-schemas
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| Michael develops an intense phobia of snakes after stepping on one and being bitten during a hike. Being bitten by the snake is a … | Proximal causal factor
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| Which is an example of family aggregation? | Karen, her mother, and her grandmother all have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder
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| Why is it dangerous to make conclusions based on case studies? | Conclusions based on so little data are likely to be flawed
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| Comorbidity means | That a person has two or more disorders
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| What type of prevalence data only counts active cases of a disorder? | Point prevalence
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| The physicians of Nancy School | Demonstrated the power of suggestion
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| The emergence of humanism brought about changes in all except | An increase in the belief in supernatural causes of behavior
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| What parental style is characterized by warmth, control, and communication? | Authoritative
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| A ______ serves to guide our processing of information and may serve to distort memories | Schema
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| Which typically involves the use of trained observers? | Direct observation
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| People in the Middle Ages | Believed that most witches and mentally ill people were possessed by demons, but in different ways
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| Andrea and her parents are shy and quiet… | An evocative effect of genotype on environment
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| What is a good control group for a research study on people with eating disorders? | A group that is comparable to those with eating disorders except they eat normally
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| Which of the following is a sufficient element to determine abnormality? | there is no sufficient element
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| Several studies have found that there is a correlation in children between amount of television watched and weight. What is one of the problems with using this finding to report that watching lots of TV makes children obese? | It is just as possible that being obese causes children to watch more television.
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| To determine whether certain characteristics are true of people in general, an not just of people with mental disorders, it is important to use | control group
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| Carl is asked to provide information about his drinking. Despite the fact that he ahs had several arrests for driving with intoxicated, Carl reports that he ahs no problems with drinking. This is an example of | the problems with self-reported data
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| What is important to remember about the apparent high lifetime rate of mental disorders? | Many people with disorders are not seriously affected by them or may have them for only a short time.
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| What is wrong with describing someone as being “schizophrenic”? | Labels should be applied to disorders, not people
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| A researcher who studies children who are home-schooled and compares them to children who attend school is using the ____ research method. | correlational
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| According to the DSM, when is deviant behavior viewed as indicative of a mental disorder? | when it is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual
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| Which of the following mental health professionals has a medical degree? | the psychiatrist
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| What do the cases of Monique and Donald best illustrate? | Mental illness can have a significant impact on one’s life
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| Which of the following statements is true concerning classification systems for mental disorders? | Classification systems meet the needs of medical insurance companies who need diagnoses in order to authorize payment of claims
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| In a study of the effects of ice cream on mood, the mood after ice cream exposure can be described as what? | the dependent variable
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| Which of the following is included in the DSM? | a means of identifying different mental disorders
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| If you visited an asylum in the 16th century in Europe you would likely find | mentally ill people living in conditions of filth and cruelty
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| A behavioral psychologist would be most likely to use | observational techniques
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| Both ____ and ____ studied the effects of consequences on the occurrence of behaviors. | Thorndike; Skinner
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| Mesmer was a proponent of | the power of animal magnetism
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| Which of the following approaches to treatment focuses almost exclusively on physical well-being ? | mental hygiene
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| The doctrine of the four humors | proved insight into the workings of the unconscious
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| By the end of the nineteenth century | little was known about most mental illnesses
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| A catharsis is | an emotional release
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| Dana’s mother suffers from serious depressive episodes. Dana is likely to | be a risk for depression herself
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| Etiology is | the causal pattern of a disorder
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| Why is it particularly useful to study identical twins who are raised in different environments? | It is possible that high concordance rates between identical twins reared together is due to their being treated more similarly than non-identical twins.
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| According to the text, which of the following has not be identified as a potential protective factor? | an outgoing personality
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| The process of assigning causes to things that happen is called | attribution
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| One of Freud’s major contribution to current perspectives of mental disorders is | the concept of the unconscious and how it can affect behavior
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| Which of the following is an example of family aggregation? | Karen, her mother, and her grandmother all have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder
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| The mayor of a city wants to know the number of new cases of a disorder over the past year. The mayor should ask an epidemiologist for the ____ of the disorder. | incidence rate
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| In Dr. Lu’s study of eating disorders, she looked at the academic histories of girls with an eating disorder and girls who did not have such problem. In this example, the girls without eating disorders and the ____ group. | control
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| Which of the following is an example of an ABAB design? | A subject is observed both before and after two exposures to the treatment
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| All of the following were likely to be part of moral treatment in the 1800’s EXCEPT | antipsychotic medication
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| In 1893, Breuer and Freud published a paper on hysteria. In it they announced that | unconscious factors can determine behavior and produce mental disorders
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| What is the focus of the field of developmental psychopathology? | To understand what is within the range of normal development so as to have a better understanding of what is abnormal
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| Which of the following is NOT a culture-bound syndrome? | hoopa
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| An important FIRST step in studying a particular disorder is | determining the criteria for identifying people who have the disorder
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| The first classification of mental disorders involved | recognizing symptoms that occurred together often enough to be regarded as a type of mental disorder
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| When examining heredity, mental disorders are almost always | caused by multiple genes
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| In most prospective studies, | children who share a risk factor for a disorder are studied before signs of the disorder show up.
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| The level of success achieved with the use of moral management is surprising because | many patients suffered at the time from syphillis that was, at the time, incurable.
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| Exorcism is... | a religious rite that is no longer used for the treatment of psychological problems
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| one of aristotles most major contributions to psychology was... | his description of consciousness
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| The physicians of Alexandria, Egypt in the era after Alexander the Great were most likely to treat mental patients by | providing activities, massage, and education
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| The process of assigning causes to things that happen is called | attribution
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| Which of the following statements about brain dysfunction and psychiatric disorders is FALSE? | Identifiable brain damage is often the cause of psychiatric disorders.
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| A contemporary of Pinel's in England who started a Quaker religious retreat for the mentally ill was | William Tuke
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| Who is considered to be the "father" of behaviorism? | Watson
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| Schemas | may be a source of psychological vulnerability
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| At the start of the twentieth century in America, public attitudes toward the mentally ill | were characterized by fear, horror, and ignorance
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| Shackling a patient to a wall with little food or heat would be most typical of | the early asylums in europe
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| abused infants and toddlers | are likely to show inconsistent attachment behavior
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| The "neurasthenia" recognized in the 1800s resembles todays diagnosis of | depression
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| A lack of social skills, poor school performance, and moodiness have all been associated with which of the following parenting styles? | neglectful-uninvolved
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| What was the purpose of the early asylums? | to remove those who would not care for themselves from society
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| Who studied how to deal with mentally ill criminals and concluded that such individuals were not responsible for their actions? | Plato
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| During the first half of the twentieth century, mental hospital care would best be characterized as | punitive
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| All of the following are credited with emphasizing the link between brain pathology and mental illness EXCEPT | Dix
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| A predisposition toward developing a disorder | is called diathesis
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| "Bedlam" in London was one of several hospitals for the mentally ill in different countries that | exhibited their patients for profit
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| 9. The genetic influences that determine behavior may never be fully understood due to | the likelihood that most behaviors are determined by the interaction of many genes and the environment.
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| the likelihood that most behaviors are determined by the interaction of many genes and the environment. | incorporated moral management therapy into treatments.
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| Practically speaking, "abnormal" behavior means | unusual behaviors that are not consistent with the norms of the society in which they are displayed.
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| Which statement about treatment of abnormal behavior in the Middle Ages is accurate? | Islamic forms of treatment were more humane than European approaches.
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| Which perspective or viewpoint focuses on intrapsychic conflicts as the cause of psychopathology? | Psychodynamic
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| A psychologist who studied the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would be most likely to study | poverty and racial discrimination.
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| Witmer is credited with... | being the founder of clinical psychology
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| cortisol is a hormone that... | the adrenal gland produces that mobilizes the body to deal with stress.
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| Which of the following is a criticism of traditional psychoanalytic theory? | lack of scientific evidence
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| Kraepelin is credited with | identifying different types of mental disorders.
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| Which of the following mental health professionals has a medical degree? | psychiatrist
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| What does the case of JGH, a Native American elder, illustrate? | A person may focus on somatic symptoms, rather than mood, when depressed.
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| Witmer is credited with | being the founder of clinical psychology.
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| A common treatment for mental illness during the Middle Ages in Europe was | exorcism
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| Which method for studying genetic influences fails to control for the possible effect of sharing a common environment? | family history or pedigree method
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| Reuptake of neurotransmitters is | the process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the axon.
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| Behaviorism was... | a reaction to what the behaviorists perceived as a lack of scientific rigor in psychoanalysis.
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| Which one of the following increased the availability of treatment for the mentally ill in the United States? | Dorothea Dix
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| Practically speaking, "abnormal" behavior means | unusual behaviors that are not consistent with the norms of the society in which they are displayed.
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| A major scientific problem with analogue studies is | the difficulty of generalizing to the naturally occurring phenomenon.
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| In the field of abnormal psychology, what does DSM stand for? | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
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| What is a culture-specific disorder? | A disorder seen only in certain cultures
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| Behaviorists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a result of | failure to learn adaptive behaviors.
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| According to cognitive theorists, a lot of information that contributes to a person's psychopathology | is processed at a nonconscious level.
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| A diathesis can best be described as a | a contributory cause
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| Freud's view of mental disorders was that they were a result of | unresolved conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego.
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| The central principle of classical conditioning is that | after repeated pairings with a stimulus that naturally causes a response, a neutral stimulus will cause a similar response.
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| Damage to the pituitary would most likely lead to | a hormonal imbalance
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| ________ is a necessary first step toward introducing order to any discussion of the cause or treatment of abnormal behavior. | Classification
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| John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized | the quality of parental care in forming attachments.
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| Who is considered the founder of American psychiatry? | William Tuke
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| A protective factor is... | an influence that modifies a persons response to environmental stressors.
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| Attractive children and unattractive babies tend to be treated differently. In other words, an infant's physical phenotype may alter how others respond to him or her. What type of genotype-environment correlation is this an example of? | Evocative
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| Which one of the following is credited with developing a classification system for mental disorders? | kraepelin
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| Abused infants and toddlers | are likely to show inconsistent attachment behavior.
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| What do the three psychosocial viewpoints addressed in this chapter all have in common? | All emphasize the impact of early experiences.
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| Normally, the enzyme monoamine oxidase is involved in the breaking down of some neurotransmitters. This process is called | deactivation.
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| A psychologist who studied the relationship between sociocultural factors and mental disorders would be most likely to study | poverty and racial discrimination.
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| The use of malarial fever to treat paresis | represented the first clear-cut defeat of a mental disorder by medicine.
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| Which variable is manipulated in an experiment? | Independent
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| An elementary school principal wants to know the best predictors of juvenile delinquency and dropping out of school in high school so she can provide preventive interventions. Your best advice is: | "The best predictor is aggression toward peers, which leads to peer rejection."
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| It is a hot day and a child sprays you with a garden hose. You might react with amusement (and even thanks!) or considerable anger. The fact that one event can be interpreted in different ways is central to the ________ approach to therapy. | cognitive
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| A(n) ________ serves to guide our processing of information and may serve to distort memories. | Schema
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| Highly coordinated children are picked out at an early age by coaches and given special opportunities to excel at sports. Extraverted children seek out social situations and become unusually comfortable with strangers. Both of these phenomena illustrate | genotype-environment correlations.
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| Which of the following would be characteristic of the treatment provided by the first mental hospitals or sanatoria used by the Romans and Greeks? | Warm baths and massages
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| Etiology is | the causal pattern of a disorder.
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| The Nancy School/Charcot debate is best described as one that focuses on | psychology vs biology.
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| The emergence of humanism brought about changes in all of the following EXCEPT | an increase in the belief in supernatural causes of behavior.
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| The site of communication between two neurons is the | synapse.
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| What trend was observed during the Middle Ages in Europe? | Supernatural explanations for mental disorders grew in popularity.
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| A psychologist reports a single case of a disorder, detailing the person's feelings and responses. This research strategy is | weak because it rarely provides information we can generalize to others with the disorder.
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| Which psychosocial perspective was initially developed through laboratory research? | behavioral
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| Tracy and Shahid are both 3 months old. Tracy is highly active, easily irritated, and cries easily. Shahid is quiet, adapts easily to change, and seems fearless. These differences illustrate | differences in temperament.
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| Dr. Fox studies the causes of depression. In other words, she looks at factors that play a role in the ________ of depression. | etiology
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| Sammy was deprived of his mother and father's love as a child. Operant conditioning theorists would believe his childhood would result in ________; cognitive theorists would emphasize the deprivation's effect on ________. | a lack of social skills; dysfunctional self-schemas
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| What do the cases of Monique and Donald best illustrate? | Abnormal behavior covers a wide range of behavioral disturbances.
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| What do the textbook authors identify as the most problematic element of Wakefield's definition of mental disorder? | We have yet to discover the dysfunction that underlies most mental disorders.
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| A researcher who provides a certain treatment for one group and withholds treatment from a completely comparable group is using the ________ research method. | experimental
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| Cicero was feeling depressed. He sought help from Hippocrates. Hippocrates would probably have | prescribed exercise, tranquility, and celibacy.
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| In ancient societies, if a person's abnormal conduct consisted of speech that appeared to have a religious or mystical significance, then the person was | thought to be possessed by a good spirit or god.
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| Children from lower-SES families | are less likely to show ill effects of SES status if they possess a high IQ and develop healthy attachments to adults and peers.
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| What did Seligman find by studying dogs exposed to uncontrollable shock? | Seligman found that uncontrollable shock led the dogs to behave much like depressed humans.
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| Which of the following did Freud believe played a causal role in the development of most forms of psychopathology? | Anxiety disorders
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| Newer psychodynamic perspectives | do not view the libido as a primary determinant of behavior.
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| According to cognitive theorists, a lot of information that contributes to a person's psychopathology | is processed at a nonconscious level.
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| Which of the following psychodynamic elements of the personality can be described as impulsive and selfish? | Id
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| Hippocrates suggested marriage as a cure for | hysteria in women.
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| Learning not to do something because you are punished when you do it is an example of | instrumental conditioning.
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| The effects of early social deprivation | are explained differently by the various psychosocial perspectives.
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| Normal human cells have | twenty-two chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes.
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| Archaeology and early writing indicate that the first people to think that the brain was the site of mental functions were the | Ancient Egyptians
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| Todd and his siblings have parents who are physically abusive to each other. When they fight, they expect Todd to stay quiet and keep the other children under control. They allow the other children to cry and hide | a nonshared environmental influence.
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| ***childhood abuse is commonly seen in those who develop dissociative disorders later in life. childhood abuse would be best described as a*** | distal contributory cause
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| most people with psychological disorders | delay seeking treatment, sometimes for many years
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| during the first half of the 20th century, mental hospital care would best be characterized as | punitive
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| a researcher who provides a certain treatment for one group and withholds treatment from a completely comparable group is using the ______ research method | experimental
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| why was malarial therapy effective in treating general paresis? | the fever that was induced killed off the cause of the observed symptoms
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| a major scientific problem with analogue studies is | the difficulty of generalizing to the naturally occurring phenomenon
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| at the start of the twentieth century in america, public attitudes toward the mentally ill | were characterized by fear, horror, and ignorance
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| a protective factor is | an influence that modifies a persons response to environmental stressors
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| which of the following would be characteristic of a treatment provided by the first mental hospitals or sanatoria used by the romans and greeks? | warm baths a massages
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| in most prospective studies | children who share a risk factor for a disorder are studied before signs of the disorder show up
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| sammy was deprived of his mother and father's love as a child. operant conditioning theorists would believe his childhood would result in _____; cognitive theorists would emphasize the deprivations's effect on ______. | a lack of social skills; dysfunctional self schemas
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| in 1983, a large group of west bank palestinian girls showed signs of illness. some thought they were poisoned, but later it was discovered that psychological factors played a key role in most cases. this incident best illustrates | mass madness
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| the work of dorothea dix has been criticized for | interfering with the provision of moral therapy
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| cross-cultural research on stress demonstrates that | responses to stress vary cross-culturally
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| which of the following occurred in the late 20th century | a movement of the mentally ill from institutions to the community
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| abused infants and toddlers | are likely to show inconsistent attachment behavior
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| most mental health treatment | occurs in an outpatient setting
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| in the unites states, the standard for defining types of mental disorders is contained in the | diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
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| an elementary school principal wants to know the best predictors of juvenile delinquency and dropping out of school in high school so she can provide preventive interventions. your best advice is: | "the best predictor is aggression toward peers, which leads to peer rejection
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| new perceptions are experiences tend to be worked into our existing schemas, even if the new information must be distorted to fit them. this process is called | assimilation
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| normal human cells have | 22 chromosome pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes
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| who was one of the first physicians in the early 1500's to criticize the idea that mental illness was due to demon possession (although he did believe the moon influenced the brain)? | paracelsus
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| the central principle of operant conditioning is that | the consequences of behavior influence its likelihood of being repeated
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| dr. simon, a psychiatrist, takes a biopsychosocial viewpoint of psychopathology. which of the following treatments is he most likely to suggest for julia's current state of depression? | a combination of psychological therapy and antidepressant drugs
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| a major finding from the national comorbidity survey (NCS) was that | over half of the people with a history of one serious disorder had two or more comorbid disorders
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| which of the following is NOT an example of the three phenomena that the term resilience has been used to describe? | after failing french the first time, carl did not earn a passing grade when he took the course for a second time
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| in the diathesis-stress model, a stressor is | a necessary or contributory cause that is proximal to the onset of symptoms.
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| people in the middle ages | believed that most witched and mentally ill people were possessed by demons, but in different ways
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| what is the most important limitation of correlational studies? | they cannot determine cause and effect
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| why are correlational (observational) research designs often used in abnormal psychology | they are the most useful for comparing groups
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| a psychologist who takes an eclectic approach is most likely to make which of the following statements? | "i will accept any explanation from psychoanalytic to biological as long as it works."
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| which of the following is a criticism of traditional psychoanalytic theory? | lack of scientific evidence
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| a catharsis is | an emotional release
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| the physicians of the nancy school | demonstrated the power of suggestion
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| the loss of a parent may be | a diathesis and/or stressor
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| why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological functioning of family members? | cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely
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| dr. katz is researching the causes of phobias. he puts an ad in a newspaper asking for people who have an intense, distressing fear of snakes to come and participate in his study. the major problem with this is | he is not getting a representative sample
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| a researcher says, "these studies make it too easy for investigators to find the background factors they expect to find. however, they are more valid if we find documents like school reports that show the background factor before the disorder emerges." | retrospective strategies
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| what is trephining? | an ancient practice in which a hole was drilled in the skull to release evil spirits
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