Chabner, Language of Medicine 7th ed Chapter 3 Appendix
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| Hernia | a protrusion of an organ or muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it.
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| Hiatal hernia | when the stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
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| Inguinal hernia | when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region
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| rectocele | protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina through a weak part of the vaginal wall muscles
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| omphalocele | herniation of the intestines through the navel (occuring in infants at birth)
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| cystocele | when part of the urinary bladder protrudes through the vaginal wall due to weakened pelvic muscles
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| streptococcus | berry-shaped bacteria that grows in twisted chains
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| staphylococcus | berry-shaped bacteria that grow in clusters
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| abscess | a collection of pus, white blood cells and protein present at the site of an infection
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| diplococci | berry-shaped bacteria organized in pairs
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells
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| hemoglobin | protein in erythrocytes that carries oxygen
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| leukocytes | white blood cells (5 different types)
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| granulocytes | polymorphonuclear cells that contain dark-staining granules
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| eosinophil | (granules stain red with acid) active and elevated in allergic conditions
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| basophils | (granules stain blue with basic stain) function is not clear, may play a role in inflammation
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| neutrophils | important disease-fighting cells that are phagocytes.
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| "polys" | neutrophils, most numerous white blood cells
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| mononuclear leukocytes | have one large nucleus (2 types of mononuclear WBCs)
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| lymphocytes | lymph cells; produce antibodies, T cells and B cells
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| monocytes | engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells
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| thrombocytes | platelets, formed in the bone marrow and necessary for clotting the blood.
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| anemia | reduction in number of erythrocytes or hemoglobin
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| aplastic anemia | severe anemia when bone marrow fails to produce erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
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| ischemia | hold back blood from a part of the body
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| tonsillitis | infection of the tonsils
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| acromegaly | endocrine disorder produces excessive amount of growth hormone
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| achondroplasia | inherited disorder when bones of arms and legs fail to grow to nromal size because of a defect in both cartilage and bone.
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| laparoscopy | visual examination of the abadominal cavity using a laparascope
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| arteriole | the smallest arteries
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| venules | smallest of veins
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| adenoids | lymphatic tissue near the nose and nasal passages (literal: resembling glands)
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