A & P chapter 17 & 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Main organs of digestive system | mouth; pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine; rectum; anal canal
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| Accessory organs | teeth; tongue; salivary glands; liver; gallbladder; pancreas; appendix
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| Food processing | digestion; absorption; metabolism
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| Digestion | breakdown of food material either mechanically (e.g. chewing) or chemically (e.g. action by enzymes)
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| Absorption | passage of food substance from digestive organs into blood
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| Metabolism | complex process by which food is used inside the cell
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| Two typs of metabolism | anabolism and catabolism
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| Anabolism | process inside the cells where simple compounds are used to make more complex molecules (going from small to large-building up)
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| Catabolism | breakdown of complex compounds into simpler compunds (going from large to small-breaking down)
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| Assimilation | process by which substances are taken up by a cell-note NOT a form of metabolism
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| Mouth | where digestion begins
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| Uvula | cone-shaped structure that hangs down from soft palate that prevents food and liquid from entering the nasal cavities when a person swallows
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| Structures of a tooth | crown (portion exposed and visible in the mouth); neck (portion surrounded by the gum tissue); root (portion that fits into the jaw socket)
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| Enamel | hardest material made by the body and forms the outer covering of the shell of the tooth in the crown
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| Cementum | covers the shell of the tooth in the neck and the root
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| Dentin | substance that makes up most of the shell of the tooth
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| Salivary glands | accessory digestive organs that begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth
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| Three pairs of salivary glands | accessory digestive organs that begin chemical digestion of carabohydrates in the mouth
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| Three pairs of salivary glands | parotid; submandibular; sublingual
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| Salivary amylase | digestive enzyme the begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth
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| Layers of the walls of the organs in the digestive system | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
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| Mucosa | inner layer
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| Submucosa | just below the mucosa that contains the blood vessels and nerves
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| Muscularis | layer that is responsible for peristalsis
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| Serosa | outer layer that is also the visceral peritoneum
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| Three pars of the stomach | fundus, body, pylorus
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| Fundus | top part of the stomach that prevents the diaphragm from moving downward and may cause a person to have trouble taking a deep breath when the stomach is full
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| number of layers of muscle in the stomach wall | 3
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| Rugae | folds in the stomach
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| gastritis | stomach inflammation
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| Nausea | feeling that one may vomit
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| Emesis | vomiting
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | heartburn or acid indigestion that results from stomach acid back-flowing into the esophagus
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| Ulcer | crater like destruction of the wall of the digestive lining, usually in the stomach
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| Three sections of the small intestine | Duodenum-->Jejunum-->Ileum (don't jump in)
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| Unique feature of small intestine | 3 structures that increase surface area for absorption--villi, microvilli, plicae
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| Lacteals | specialized lymphatic capillaries in the samll intestine that absorb large fat molecules
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| Gallbladder | storage for bile
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| Cystic duct | duct that drains bile from the gallbladder
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| Cholecystokinin | enzyme that causes the contraction of the gallbladder
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| Pancrease | enocrine and exocrine gland that produces enzymes that help digest all three food substances (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins); also produces insulin (decdreases blood glucose) and glucogons (increases blood glucose)
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| Insulin | hormone that reverses hyperglycemia
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| Hyperglycemia | increased blood glucose
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| Divisions of the larage intestine(colon): | cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, anus
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| Hepatic flexure | area of larage intestine that connects ascending colon and transverse colon
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| Splenic flezure | area of large intestine that connects transverse and desedending colon
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| Peritoneum | large sheet of serious membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
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| Extensions of the peritoneum | mesentery and omentum
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| Chemical digestion | break up of food molecules into compounds having smaller molecules by action of enzymes
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| mechanical digestion | break up of food into smaller particles
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| Carbohydrate digestion | begins in mouth
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| Protein digestion | begins in stomACH
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| Fat digestion | begins in small intestine
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| Functions of the liver | produces plasma proteins; produces bile for mechanical digestion of fat; helps maintain proper blood glucose level
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| Fat digestion by bile | MECHSNICAL digestion (not chemical) because bile emulsifies (breaks apart) the big fat globules into smaller fat molecules that can be chemically acted up
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| Cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder
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| Hepatitis | inflammation of the liver
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| Cirrhosis | degeneration of the liver tissue in which normal liver tissues if replaces by fibrous and fatty tissue
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| Pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas
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| Diverticula | abnormal out-pouchings from the colon
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| Diverticulitis | inflammation of the diverticula
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| Colitis | inflammation of the large intestine
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| Enteritis | inflammation of the small intestine
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| Appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix
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| Peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum
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| Ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in teh peritoneal space
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| Kwashiorkor | condition when diet is sufficient in calories but deficient in protein
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| Marasmus | starvation, or diet insufficient in calories
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| Vitamins | organic molecule needed in small quantities to help enzymes operate effectively or to otherwise regulate metabolism in the body=two types water soluble and non-water soluble
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| Water soluble vitamins | unable to be stored C and B
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| Fat-soluble vitamins | can be stored by body-A, D, E, and K
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| Thermoregulation | homeostasis of body temperature
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| forms of heat loss | radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
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| Ways body conserves or generates heat | reducting blood flow to the skin; shivering; increasing the level of metabolism-stimulating hormone
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| Fever | rise in body temperature that is used to help the immune systems fight a pathogen.
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Created by:
carladanette
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