A & P chapter 16
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Organs in the respiratory system | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
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| Upper respiratory tract | nose, pharynx, larynx
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| Lower respiratory tract | trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
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| Diaphragm | muscle that separates the thorax and abdomen-note that is assists in respiration but it is NOT included in the respiratory organs listed above
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| Main functions of the respiratory organs | distribute and exchange gases; filters; warms; humidifies; olfaction (smelling)
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| Nose | lined with respiratory mucosa
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| Sinuses | Hollow area in skull around nose that help lighten skull bones and provide resonance to voice
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| four pairs of sinuses | frontal (above eyes); Sphenoid and Ethmoid (on each side of the nose between the eyes) and Maxillary (between the eyes and the uppper jaw )
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| Turbinates and Conchae | three shelf-like structures inside the nose that increase surface area in the nasal cavity
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| Rhinitis | inflammation of nasal mucosa by allergies or infection
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| Nasal polyps | painless, noncancerous tissue growths from the nasal mucosa
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| Epistaxis | nosebleed
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| Nostrils | nosebleed
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| nostrils | external nares
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| pharynx | throat
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| subdivisions of the pharynx | Masopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
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| Pharyngitis | sore throat or inflammation or infection of the pharynx
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| Eustachian tubes | auditory tubes that connect the middle ears with the pharynx, NOTE:they are not part of the structures of the larynx
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| Larynx | Thyroid cartilage; vocal cords; epiglottis
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| Thyroid cartilage | called commonly "Adam's apple"; largest cartilage section in the larynx
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| Epiglottis | lid-like cartilage overhanging the entrance to the larynx; closes off larynx when swallowing and helps to prevent food from entering the trachea
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| Vocal cords | two short fibrous bands that are responsible for speech and vocal sounds
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| Laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx
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| Epiglottitis | life-threatening condition caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) infection that can strick children bwtween3-7, and can be prevented by the Hib vaccine
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| Croup | non-life-threatening laryngitis in young children caused by the parainfluenza viruses, has bark-like cough
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| Upper respiratory infection (URI) | Inflammation of any of the structures in teh upper respiratory system - nose, pharynx, or larynx and can include all of them at once
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| Respiratory mucosa | mucous membrane that lines the air distribution tubes in the respiratory tree (down to the opening of the alveoli)
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| Characteristics of respiratory mucosa | Produces mucous that provides nonspecific immunity; includes cilia that move mucous upward and out for removal; NO GAS EXCHANGE CAN OCCUR THROUGH THIS LAYER
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| Functions of the respiratory mucosa | help trap contaminants in the inspired air; help humidify inspired air; help warm inspired air NOTE:is not the barrier between blood capillaries and alveoli because it is only lines the tubes in the respiratory system
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| Respiratory membrane | the single layer of cells that makes up the wall of the alveoli
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| Characteristics of respiratory membrance | single cell layers allows EXCHANGE of gases across alveolus and into capillary
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| What is required for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide): | thin, single cell walls of alveoli; thin, single cell wall of capillary and respiratory membrane
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| Trachea | windpipe
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| Characteristics of trachea | lined with respiratory mucosa; has 15-20 C-shaped cartilage rings; single tube that brings air into the lungs
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| Bronchial tree | the branching of tubes off of the trachea; go from bronchi to bronchioles (larger to smaller)
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| difference between bronchi and bronchioles | bronchioles do NOT have cartilage
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| Alveolus (plural alveoli) | microscopic "air sacs" at the end of the smallest bronchioles where the gas exchange occurs
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| The last part of the respiratory tree | alveoli
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| movement and exchange of gases-four stages | pulmonary ventilation-->external respiration--> internal respiration-->cellular respiration
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| pulmonary ventilation | breathing or moving air in and out of the lungs-NOTE: no exchange of gases
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| Two parts of pulmonary ventilation | inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation)
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| External respiration | exchange of gases between lungs and blood or between blood and lungs), or the movement of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries and carbon dioxide from the capillaries to the alveoli
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| Internal respiration | exchange of gases between the blood and the cells (or between cells and blood),or the movement of oxygen from the alveoli to the capillaries and carbon dioxide from teh capillaries to the alveoli
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| Cellular respiration | the actual use of oxygen by the cells and occurs entirely within the cells
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| respiratory control centers in the brain | located in the medualla oblongata
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| Hyperventilation | rapid, deep ventiilation or breathing
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| Hypoventilation | slow and shallow breathing
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| Dyspnea | labored or difficult breathing
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| Apnea | stoppage of breathing (but breathing can resume like sleep apnea)
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| Respiratory arrest | failure to resume breathing after a period of apnea
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| Cheyne-Stokes repiration | type of respiration that is an alternation of hyperventilation and stoppage in breathing that usually occurs in critically ill people
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| Bronchitis | acute inflammation of the bronchi
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| Pneumonia | acute inflammation of the lungs
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| Tuberculosis | infection caused by Mycobaacterium tuberculosis; highly contagious and spread through breathing or swallowing droplets contaminated with the TB bacillus
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| Surfactant | Substance the lines the inside of the alveoli that acts as lubricant to keep alveoli from collapsing
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| Respiratory distress syndrome (RSD) | absence or impairment of surfactant the lines the alveoli-can have infant form (IRSD) iin which l ack of surfactant compromises respiration or adult (ARSD) that occurs when surfactant production is impaired or removed by exposure to smoke, chemicals, etc.
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| Pleura | Covering of the outer surface of the lungs
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| Pleuritis | inflammation of the pleura
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| Atelectasis | collapse of teh lung tissue
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| Pneumothorax | puncture of the pleura that causes collapse of the lung
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| Hemothorax | presence of blood in the pleural space
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| Two types of pulmonary disorders | restrictive and obstructive
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| restrictive pulmonary disorders | loss of stretch of the alveoli and causes inhibition of inspiraton-example: fibrosis of the lung tissue
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| Obstructive pullmonary disorders | obstruction of the airways and causes difficulty with both inspiration and expiration
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| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | number one cause is tobacco use, but can occure from damage due to air pollution, asthma adn infections
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| Emphusema | destruction of the alveoli and compromise of teh exchange of gases
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| Asthma | spasms of the smooth muscle in bronchial tubes with narrowing and difficulty breathing
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| Heimlich maneuver (Abdominal Thrust) | technique that used to open a blocked windpipe
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