Basal Nuclei review
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| How does the basal ganglia influence descending motor pathways? | Through complex feedback loops that project information to the motor cortex
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| Where does cortical input to the Basal Ganglia arise from? | Prefrontal, motor cortex (M1,premotor area, supplementary motor area) and parietal cortex
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| Besides general motor functions, the basal ganglia also influences what functions? | eye movements
frontal executive / cognitive fxns (DLPFC)
Limbic pathways (emotions/memory)
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| What are the players in the major loop that influences the motor cortex? | cortex > striatum > pallidum > thalamus > cortex
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| What is the primary receptor region for input to the Basal Ganglia? | putamen
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| What are the 2 main types of movement disorders in the Basal Ganglia? | Hypokinetic
Hyperkinetic
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| How are the hyperkinetic movement disorders further subdivided? | jerky
non-jerky
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| What is the difference between the globus pallidus interna and the thalamus? | GPi - neurons are spontaneously active and inhibit the thalamus
Thalamus - neurons are excitatory to the SMA of the cortex.
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| What is the net result of the direct pathway? | excitation of SMA, increased motor activity
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| What is the net result of the indirect pathway? | inhibition of SMA, decreased motor activity
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| What are the main components of the Basal Ganglia? | Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra
Subthalamic Nucleus
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| What are the basal ganglia components that comprise the striatum? | Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
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| What are the basal ganglia components that comprise the lentiform nucleus? | Putamen
Globus Pallidus
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| What is the anatomical relationship of the caudate nucleus to the internal capsule? | Caudate is always medial
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| What is the anatomical relationship of the putamen and globus pallidus to the internal capsule? | Putamen and globus pallidus are always lateral
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| What part of the substantia nigra is pigmented? | the dorsal part, the Substantia Nigra pars compacta
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| What is the term for the ventral Substantia Nigra? | Pars Reticulata
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| What is the nature of the input to the basal ganglia? | excitatory, glutamatergic to striatum
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| What is the nature of the neurons of the putamen? | inhibitory, gaba-ergic fibers
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| What is the nature of the neurons of the Globus Pallidus interna? | inhibitory, gaba-ergic fibers
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| What is the state of the GPi at rest? | inhibitory to the thalamus (via pallidothalamic gaba-ergic fibers)
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| Parkinson's disease is what type of movement disorder? | hypokinetic
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| Classic features of parkinson's disease? | bradykinesia
resting tremor
hypomimia
freezing
festinating gait
cogwheel rigidity
decrease arm swing
postural instability
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| Huntington's disease is what type of movement disorder? | hyperkinetic
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| Classic features of Huntington's disease? | choreoathetosis
slowed saccades
fatal 20 yrs after sx appear
autosomal dominant gene
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| Explain/diagram direct pathway? | cortex and Sub nigra (D1) activates
putamen, which inhibits
GPi, which inhibits
thalamus, which excites
Cortex causing net excitation
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| Explain/diagram indirect pathway? | cortex and Sub nigra inhibits (D2)
striatum, which inhibits
GPe, which inhibits
Subthalamic nucleus which activates
GPi, which inhibits
thalamus, which excites
Cortex
causing net inhibition of movement
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