American Literature, Dr Felix

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The American Dream today often refers to

one's material wealth which is dependent upon one's abilities and work ethic, and not on a rigid class structure.

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John Smith was an

English soldier, sailor, and author.

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John Smith is remembered for

his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia.

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John Smith was a leader of the Virginia Colony between

1607 and 1609

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John Smith led an exploration along

the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay.

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One of John Smith's most noted works is

A Description of New England

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The American Dream today often refers to one's material wealth which is dependent upon one's abilities and work ethic, and not on a rigid ____________

class structure.

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For others it is the opportunity for their children to grow up and receive an ________ and its consequent career opportunities.

education

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It is the opportunity to make individual choices without the restrictions of ,_______ religion, ______, or __________.

class, caste, race, ethnic group

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For others in this the dream of choice and flexibility, the ability to wake up in the morning and decide to drive, cycle or take public __________ to work.

transportation

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AMERICAN DREAM:

A theme in American literature, film, and art that expresses optimistic desires for self-improvement, freedom, and self-sufficiency.

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The Pilgrims traveled

England → Holland → England → America

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There was a total of _____ passengers on the Mayflower

102

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In ____ Governor ________ of New England proclaimed a day of “thanksgiving” and prayer to celebrate the Pilgrims’ first harvest in America.

1621, William Bradford

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United States president_________, following the precedent of a number of states, designated a national Thanksgiving Day in ____.

Abraham Lincoln, 1863

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The Puritans were

Non-separating Congregationalists Each congregation independent Church of England: true church Repentant church membership England might imitate their “New England.”

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The Puritan Grievances were

Marian Exiles returned under Elizabeth James I: a sympathetic Protestant? Charles I married Henrietta Maria, Catholic princess Catholic lords given important posts Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud’s “Roman practices”

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Puritans were English Protestants who

wished to reform and purify the Church of England of what they considered to be unacceptable residues of Roman Catholicism.

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Beginning in ______ as many as ______ Puritans emigrated to America from England to gain the liberty to worship God as they chose

1630, 20,000

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Theologically, the Puritans were

"non-separating Congregationalists."

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Unlike the Pilgrims, who came to Massachusetts in 1620, the Puritans believed

that the Church of England was a true church, though in need of major reforms.

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Puritan dream in America:

“a city on a hill”

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________ shook the Church in England loose from its ______________ moorings.

King Henry VIII, Roman Catholic

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during the reign of __________ the nation ____________________.

Edward VI (1547–1553), veered sharply toward Protestantism

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The Puritans wanted to rid the Church of England of _____________, and to let the New Testament determine church order and worship.

all evidences of its historic Catholic connection

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As petitioners to King James I put it in 1603, the true church...

ought not to be “governed by Popish Canons, Courts, Classes, Customs, or any human invention, but by the laws and rules which Christ hath appointed in his Testament.”

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In 1633 Charles appointed _________ as Archbishop of Canterbury

William Laud

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While aboard the Arbella, Winthrop described a Christian commonwealth in the now-famous sermon,

“A Model of Christian Charity.”

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John Winthrop was elected Governor of Massachusetts Bay in

1630

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Ratio of Pilgrims to Puritans is

201 vs. 40,000-50,000

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Both the Pilgrim and Puritan colonies united in _____ to form _____________.

1691, Massachusetts

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The New England Primer (1683)

taught both the alphabet and faith. the letter U, for example, was remembered by Uriah’s beauteous wife Made David seek his Life.

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The New England Primer was so popular,

Benjamin Franklin was printing it nearly a century later.

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In America, only two “theocracies” have lasted for any length of time:

the Puritans in New England, and the Mormons in Utah.

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The Puritans’ charter was revoked in

1689

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The Puritans could no longer compel assent. They had to tolerate

Quakers and Anglicans.

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Puritan education

By 5 or 6 could read and write (private school or home schooling) Latin school for 7 years: Grammar, Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Latin, Greek, Hebrew (not in seminary) College: 3 years Seminary: 3 years

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There was ____ Literacy

99%, even on the frontier

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Cotton Mather lived from

(1663-1728)

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Cotton Mather was

the best-known New England Puritan divine of his generation

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Puritanic Model

Epigraph - Exposition - Application - Epilogue

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Epigraph

Biblical Passage

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Exposition

established the validity using scripture and reasoning.

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Application

how it relates to communal, spiritual, and familial life.

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Epilogue

A call to action and an emotional appeal.

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The plain style is perhaps best known for

the simple four-part outline all Puritan preachers used:

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Text:

The preacher would “open up” a text—to explain one by one all the words, ideas, and concepts within a Bible verse (or verses).

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Doctrine:

The preacher then stated in a single statement a “theological Axiom, either consisting in the express words of Scripture, or flowing from them by immediate consequence.”

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Uses:

the doctrine needed to be proven to be in harmony with the rest of the Bible, and its general implications explained refuting any objections that could be raised and point out the practical “uses” of the doctrine for consolation or correction.

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Applications:

allowed the preacher to ask whether the congregation had taken the “doctrine” to heart. The plain sermon’s outline and logical development made memorization easy and encouraged note taking by the people for review at home.

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The New England colonies have often been called

"Bible Commonwealths"

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The first printed Bible in English, and the first done independently of the Latin Vulgate (of the Medieval Era), was the work of

William Tyndale

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Ecclesiastical Puritans established rigid laws:

against mixed dancing, card playing, shuffleboard, making minced pies, celebrating Christmas

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Massachusetts Sabbath law of 1653:

illegal to travel, clean house, cook, or walk on Sunday

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The Salem Witch Trials began in

1692

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Puritanism began

during English Protestant Reformation (16th century)

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Some Church of England members wanted complete break from Catholicism & eliminate all traces of the Catholic Church Wanted to make Anglican Church “pure” & called

“Puritans”

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The earliest American Literature was composed by

Native Americans.

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Much of Native American Literature was passed down

orally.

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Native American tales were often

mythological and/or folktales, such as Trickster tales.

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Often, the diaries and letters of the settlers were

propaganda designed to increase settlers’ interest in the land.

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The term “Puritan” was applied to two groups of people who believed that:

1) They should separate themselves from the “corrupt” Church of England” or 2) The Church of England needed reform

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The four Puritan Beliefs are

Predestination Covenant of Works Covenant of Grace Covenant of Redemption

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Predestination

G-d has chosen certain few of the “elect” for salvation. Unlike other Christians, they believed faith alone was not enough. Whether or not you were “saved” could be determined by your behavior—if you acted in a holy manner, it was assumed you were saved

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Covenant of Works

G-d promised Adam and his progeny eternal life if they obeyed moral law. Adam broke this covenant.

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Covenant of Grace

Once Adam broke the Covenant with G-d, He created a new covenant with Abraham. Punishment for sins is considered a proper response to disobedience.

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Covenant of Redemption

Puritans believed that Jesus freely offered himself as a sacrifice on behalf of all people. G-d must accept Jesus’s sacrifice as a representative for all people.

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What the Puritans Did

Established settlements in Massachusetts, including Plymouth and Boston. Influenced America’s system of laws and morals. Wrote in “plain style”—writing unadorned with figurative language.

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Puritan Histories:

William Bradford’s Of Plymouth Plantation

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Puritan Poetry:

Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor

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Puritan Sermons:

Jonathan Edwards

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Puritan Biographies:

Mary Rowlandson’s kidnapping account

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Puritan “Tracts”:

Increase Mather, Cotton Mather

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The Scarlet Letter was written by

Nathaniel Hawthorne

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The Scarlet Letter was published in

1850

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Hawthorne descended from

Salem Witch Trials judge John Hathorne (N. Hawthorne added the “w” for clarification in pronunciation).

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The Scarlet Letter is set in

the mid-1600’s, during the Puritan era in Boston.

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Mystic Massacre Killed

600-700 Pequot Mostly women & children

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Conflict in Connecticut in 1634-1638

Pequot Nation resisted English settlements Control of fur & wampum trade Mass Bay Colony/Narragansetts v. Pequot Nation

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How many colonist died in King Phillips war

+600 colonist died (10% of males: larger percentage than the Civil War or War for Independence):

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How did Native Americans view land treaties?

No one person owned land There for everyone’s use Treaties only agreed to share land with English settlers

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Who could vote in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

All “freemen” could vote Colony stockholders Men who belonged to Puritan church

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What two principals did Providence guarantee that Massachusetts Bay did not?

Guaranteed separation of Church & State and religious freedom (Roger Williams)

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provoked:

v. used as an adj.: angered

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appease:

v. calm; satisfy

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abate:

v. Reduce in amount or intensity

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fain:

adv. Archaic word meaning “happily” or “gladly.”

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Mediator:

Jesus Christ. In general, one who intervenes between two parties in conflict.

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forbearance:

n. Tolerance, restraint

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incensed:

v. Used as adj.: angered; enraged

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constitution:

n. physical condition

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contrivance:

n.: scheme; plan

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affections:

n. pl.: feelings

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closets

n. pl.: rooms for prayer and meditation.

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inconceivable:

adj., unimaginable; beyond understanding

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omnipotent:

adj.: all-powerful

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abhors:

v.: scorns; hates

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abominable:

adj.: hateful; disgusting

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ascribed:

v.: regarded as coming from a certain cause.

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induce:

v.: persuade; force, cause

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assunder:

adv.: into pieces

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Con:

means “with” or “together”

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Omni:

means “all”

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Able:

means “capable of”

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Ance:

means “state of being

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The theme of ______ as a declaration of independence

journey

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5 Romantic poets

Bryant, Homes, Whittier, Longfellow, and Lowell

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Father of American Literature

Washington Irving

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Father of the American novel

James Fenimore Cooper

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inventor of the American Short Story

E.A. Poe

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Ralph Waldo Emerson is the Father of

American Transcendentalism

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Henry David Thoreau is a famous

practical transcendentalist

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Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne are

Anti-Romantics

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Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are bridge poets between

American Romanticism and the 20th century

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The rationalistic view of urban life was

replaced by the Romantic view

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Romantics saw the city as a place of

moral corruption, poverty, and death

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Rationalists saw cities as a place to find

success and self-realization

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The Romantics associated the country with

independence, moral clarity, and purity

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The Gothic Romantic, E.A. Poe, saw the country as a place of

phantasm

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Romanticism began in

Germany and influenced literature, music, and art

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Romanticism is a reaction

against Rationalism

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Characteristics of Romanticism

values feelings over intuition values the power of the imagination seeks the beauty of unspoiled nature values youthful innocence

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Characteristics of Romanticism (cont)

values individual freedom values the lessons of the past finds beauty in exotic locales, the supernatural, and in the imagination values poetry as the highest expression of the imagination values myth, legend, and folk culture

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Romantics believed in__________, or __________ with the natural world

contemplating,becoming one

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This emerged from Romanticism

The Gothic novel

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James Fenimore Cooper was the first American novelist to

break from European tradition

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the first American literary hero was

Natty Bumppo

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Cooper’s series of novels were called

The Leatherstocking Tales

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The Fireside Poets

a Boston group of Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, and Lowell, were widely read and loved in America

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Romanticism is characterized by the 5 “I”s

Imagination Intuition Idealism Inspiration Individuality

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British writer Samuel Taylor Coleridge called it

“intellectual intuition.”

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British Romantic William Wordsworth described poetry as

“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”

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During this time period,Romanticism gave way to what movements

Women’s Rights and Abolitionism were taking root as major movements.

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Walt Whitman, a later Romantic writer, would write a poem entitled “Song of Myself”: it begins,

“I celebrate myself…”

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This is considered the beginning of literary Romanticism

The publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1792

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Neoclassicism

simple rational mathematical in symmetry and meter; avoidance of the ornate; more periodicals were published during this time

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Benjamin Franklin's 13 Virtues were

Temperance Silence Order Resolution Frugality Industry Sincerity Justice Moderation Cleanliness Tranquility Chastity Humility Sincerity

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The 13 Virtues were motivated by

Philippians 4:8

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Franklin believed man could

attain moral perfection

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Ben Franklin died in

1779 at the age of 84

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In 1751 B. Franklin

founded the first hospital

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PLOT

series of events that create a story’s meaning and effect. Events arise out of conflict, either external or internal, experienced by the main character

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Characterization

The way the author presents the characters

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Direct Characterization presentation:

Characters are described by the author or narrator, or other characters.

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Indirect Characterization presentation:

Action or speech of the character indicate the character’s traits.

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IRONY

The opposite of what is expected

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Situational irony

(expectations created by a situation is reversed)

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Cosmic irony

(or the irony of fate) (misfortune is the result of fate, chance, or God)

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Dramatic irony

(audience knows more than characters; so, the words and action have additional meaning for the audience

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POINT OF VIEW

Perspective from which the story told. First person (omniscient narrator) one-sided perspective Third person (limited omniscient narrator) objective

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STRUCTURE

How the work is organized

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THEME

What the author is trying to convey

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SYMBOLISM

Anything that represents something else

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Sinners in the Hand of An angry god was written by

John Edwards

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Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God was delivered

To a church in Enfield CT in 1741

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Georgia is often remembered as

a primary destination of English convicts

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An enormous amount was written about america

during the early periods of exploration and settlement

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most early writings were...

Bound tithe particulars of their place & time

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Before the witch trials ended _____ were dead

185

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Of those accused_______ were executed

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the account of the trials was named

the Crucible

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The crucible was written by

Arthur miller

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The Carolina's were settled by

English, Scots, French Hugeonots, and Barbadians

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Pennsylvania was settled by

William Penn as a haven of Quaker tolerance

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Rhode Island was built on the

religious freedoms proclaimed by Roger Williams

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Canada was settled by

French

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Florida was settled by

the Spanish

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New York was settled by

Dutch

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In Maryland

Catholics mingled with Protestants

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Anglican settlers aqcuired their first African slaves from

Dutch traders

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Virginia began with

Anglican Settlers

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The settlers who declared their independence from Great Britain were...

predominantly English in their language and political institution.

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