Common gait deviations
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| Lateral trunk bending (Trendelenburg gait) | the result of weak gluteus medius; will see bending to the same side as the weakness
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| Backward trunk lean | the result of weak gluteus maximus; will also see difficulty going up stairs or ramps.
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| Forward trunk lean | the result of weak quadriceps (decreases flexor movement at the knee), hip and knee flexion contractures.
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| Excessive hip flexion | the result of weak hip extensors or tight hip and/or knee flexors.
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| Limited hip extension | the result of tight or spastic hip flexors.
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| Limited hip flexion | the result of weak hip flexors or tight extensors.
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| Abnormal synergistic activity (stance phase) | (e.g. stroke) excessive hip adduction combined with hip and knee extension, plantarflexion; scissoring or addcuted gait pattern.
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| Antalgic gait | (painful gait) stance time is abbreviated on the painful limb; the uninvolved limb has a shortened step length since it must bear weight sooner than normal.
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| Excessive knee flexion | the result of weak quadriceps (knee wobbles or buckles) or knee flexion contracture.
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| Knee hyperextension | the result of a weak quadriceps, plantar flexion contracture, or extensor spasticity (quadriceps and/or plantar flexion)
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| Toe first (toe contact at heel strike) | the result of weak dorsiflexors, spastic or tight plantarflexors; may also be caused by a shortened leg; painful heel; or positive support reflex.
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| Positive support reflex | toe first
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| Foot slap | the foot makes floor contact with audible slap; the result of weak dorsiflexors or hypotonia; compensated for with steppage gait.
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| Foot flat | entire foot contacts ground; the result of weak dorsiflexors, limited range of motion; immature gait pattern (neonatal).
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| Calcaneous gait | excessive dorsiflexion with uncontrolled forward motion of the tibia; the result of weak plantarflexors.
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| Equinus gait | excessive plantarflexion; heel does not touch the ground; the result of spasticity or contracture of the plantar flexors; will see poor eccentric contraction and advancement of the tibia.
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| Supination of ankle/foot | excessive lateral contact of foot during stance with varus position of calcaneus. May occur at initial contact and correct at foot flat with weight acceptance or remain throughout stance.
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| Supination of ankle/foot causes | spastic invertors, weak evertors, pas varus, genu varum
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| Pronation of ankle/foot | excessive medial contact of foot during stance with valgus position of calcaneus.
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| Pronation of ankle/foot causes | weak invertors, spasticity, pes valgus, genu valgum.
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| Toes claws | the result of spastic toe flexors, possibly a hyperactive plantar grasp reflex.
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| Inadequate push off | the result of weak plantar flexors, decreased ROM, or pain in the forefoot
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| Insufficient forward pelvic rotation (stiff pelvis, pelvic retraction) | the result of weak abdominal muscles, weak flexor muscles (e.g. stroke)
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| Insufficient hip and knee flexion | the result of weak hip and knee flexors; inability to lift the leg and move it forward.
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| Circumduction | the leg swings out to the side (abduction/external rotation followed by adduction/internal rotation); the result of weak hip and knee flexors.
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| Hip hiking | (quadratus lumborum action) a compensatory response for weak hip and knee flexors, or extensor spasticity.
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| Steppage gait | excessive hip and knee flexion: a compensatory response to shorten the leg; the result of weak dorsiflexors (diabetic neuropathy of the fibular nerve).
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| Abnormal synergistic activity (swing phase) | (e.g. stroke) excessive hip and knee flexion with abduction.
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| Insufficient knee flexion | the result of extensor spasticity, pain/decreased ROM, or weak hamstrings.
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| Excessive knee flexion | the result of flexor spasticity; flexor withdrawal reflex.
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| Foot drop | equinus: the result of weak or delayed contraction of the dorsiflexors or spastic plantarflexors.
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| Varus or inverted foot is the result of | spastic invertors (anterior tibialis), weak peroneals, or abnormal synergistic pattern (e.g. stroke)
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| Equinovarus | the result of spasticity of the posterior tibialis and/or gastrocnemius/soleus; developmental abnormality.
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