Holden 2007 A&P chapter 2
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| Chemistry | structure of matter, composition of substances, thier properties and chemical reactions
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| Biochemistry | chemical reaction of living things
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| Matter | anything with weight that occupies space
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| Energy | ability to do work or put materials in motion
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| Potential energy | stored energy
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| Kinetic energy | work, resulting in motion
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| Atom | smallest piece of an element
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| Subatomic particles | parts of an atom
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| Protons | positive charge
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| Electrons | negative charge
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| Neutrons | no charge
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| Nucleus of an atom consists of | protons and neutrons
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| Number of protons of an atom equals | the number of electrons of an atom
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| Number of electrons | can change
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| Elements | combined atoms that are alike
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| Ca | Calcium
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| C | Carbon
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| Cl | Chlorine
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| H | Hydrogen
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| O | Oxygen
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| K | Potassium
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| S | Sulfur
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| Na | Sodium
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| N | Nitrogen
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| Fe | Iron
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| I | Iodine
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| P | Phosporus
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| Zn | Zink
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| Compounds | Elements combined in different proportions by weight
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| Organic compounds | contain carbon and are found in living things
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| Smallest units of compounds that retain it's properties and remain stable | Molecules
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| What do electrolytes do? | Help keep patients in Homeostasis
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| Homeostasis | balance
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| What is the most important thing to remember? | Safety
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| Ion | Charged particle
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| K+, Cl-, Na+, H+ | Ions, (+ & - would be in upper corner)
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| Positively and negatively charged atoms | Ions
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| Electrolytes | atoms that have more electrons than protons; creating a negative charge
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| Responsible for acidity or alkilinity of soltions are | Electrolytes
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| Can conduct an electrical charge | Electrolytes
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| All compounds are | either organic or inorganic
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| Inorganic compounds | made of molecules that do not contain carbon, except CO2 and CaCO2
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| What is the most important inorganic compound | water
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| CH | organic
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| Organic compounds | always contain carbon, (C) combined with hydrogen, (H) and oxygen, (O)
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| How many groups of organic compounds are there? | 4
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| What are the four groups of organic compounds? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids
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| All carbohydrates are compounds of what? | CHO
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| How many groups of carbohydrates are there? | 3
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| Monosaccharides, Disaccharides & Polysaccharides are what? | carbohydrates
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| Monosaccharides | carbohydrate, one sugar, sugars that can not be broken down any further, simple or single sugars
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| Glycogen | polysaccharide carbohydrate, stored in liver and muscle cells for energy
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| Glucose | Monosaccharide carbohydrate, main source of energy in cells
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| Fructose | Monosaccharide carbohydrate
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| Galactose | Monosaccharide carbohydrate
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| Ribose | Monosaccharide carbohydrate found in RNA
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| Deoxyribose | Monosaccharide carbohydrate found in DNA
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| Disaccharides | carbohydrate, formed from two monosaccharides, known as double sugar.
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| Sucrose | Disaccharide, table sugar
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| Maltose | Disaccharide carbohydrate, malt sugar
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| Lactose | Disaccharide carbohydrate, milk sugar
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| Hydrolysis | Digestion
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| Disaccharides must.... | be broken down by hydroloysis to monosaccharides
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| Polysaccharides | large comples molecules of hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules bonded together in one long chainlike molecule
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| Types of polysaccharides | Starch found in grain products and root vegtables, cellulose, glycogen
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| Lipids | Contain CHO, but have less ogygen then hydrogen
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| Fats, phospholipids, steroids | types of lipids
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| Lipids are...... | essential to health, are important source of stored energy and help to insulate our bodies
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| Characteristics of lipids | fats consist of glycerol and fatty acids
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| Triglycerides | fats, (tri=3), three fats
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| Most abundant organic compound in the body | lipids
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| phospholipids | contain CHO and P, may be found in cell membranes, the brain and nervous tissue
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| Steroids | lipids containing cholesterol
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| Essential in the structure of the semipermeable membnrane of the cell | Cholesterol
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| Manufacture Vidamin D | cholesterol
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| Produces male and female hormones | cholesterol
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| Creates cortisol | Steroids
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| Proteins | Organic compound containing CHO & N. sometimes P and S
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| Most diverse and essential of the organic compounds found in living things | Protein
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| Found in every part of a living cell | Protein
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| Outer coat of all viruses | Protein
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| Amino acids make up what organic compound | Protein
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| How many different kinds of amino acids are there | 22
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| How many essential amino acids are there | 9
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| What makes an essential amino acid essential | can not be manufactured by the body
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| Enzymes | specialized protein molecules that help control chemical reactions in a cell
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| Organic catalyst | speeds the reaction of something without changing themselves
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| What are organic catalysts made of | enzymes
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| Enzymes usually end in | -ase
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| What food source contains all 9 essential enzymes | animal protein
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| A complete protein contains | all 9 essential enzymes
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| Largest known organic molecule | Nucleic acids
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| Thousands of repeating subunits of nucleotides | Nucleic acids
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| Two major types of nucleic acids | RNA, DNA
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| Involved in the process of heredity, is a double stranded helix | DNA
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| How many types of RNA | 3
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| Messenger RNA | m-RNA - carries instruction for protein synthesis
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| Transfer RNA | t-RNA - picks pu amino acids molecules in cytoplasm and transfers them to ribosomes to combine to form proteins
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| Ribosome RNA | r-RNA - helps in the attachment of m-RNA to ribosome
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| Substances that yeild hydrogens in solutions | Acids
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| Acids | substances that yield hydrogens in solution
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| H- | Base
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| H+ | Acid
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| H alone in solution | neutral
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| Substances that ionize into negatively charged hydroxide ions and positively charged inons of metal when disolved in water | Bases
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| pH of human blood | 7.35 - 7.45
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| pH of human tears | 7.3
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| Buffers | help a living organism to maintain a constant pH value
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| Forms when acids and bases are combined | Salt and water
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| pH is | measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
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| pH of acidic solution | 1 - 6.9
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| pH of alkaline (basic) solution | 7.1 - 14
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| Homeostasis | balance
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| Almost always neutral | living cells and the fluids they produce
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| Intra and extracellular fluid must | maintain the proper chemical balance for the cell to function
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| A state of homeostasis is necessary | for the body to function at an optimal level of helth
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| Moderate dysfunction | causes illness
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| Severe dysfunction | causes death
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