Nervous system
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| Neurons | Nerve cells responsible for conducting action potential
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| Neuron cell body | Main mass of the nerve cell
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| Dendrites | Sensory receptors extending from the cell body
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| Axon | Long extension off the cell body
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| Axon terminal | Far end of the axon containing synaptic vesicles
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| Synaptic vesicles | Tiny vesicles or sacs that contain neurotransmitters
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| Neuroglia | Supportin cells for neurons
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| Neurilemmocytes | Form the myelin sheath around nerves of the peripheral nervous system
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| Schwann cells | Neurilemmocytes
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| Nodes of Ranvier | Tiny gaps in the myelin sheath at which action potential is relayed along the neuron
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| Nerve | Collection of nerve cells outside of the central nervous system
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| Neurotransmitters | Hormone or chemical messengers contained and released by the synaptic vesicles
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| Synapse | Space between a dendrite and a connecting axon terminal
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| Epinephrine | Sympathetic hormone released into the blood to prepare the body for "fight or flight", opens bronchial airways
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| Adrenaline | Epinephrine
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| Acetylocholine | Parasympathetic hormone released at neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction
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| Central nervous system | Main control center (brain and spinal cord)
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| Peripheral nervous system | All of the nervous system except CNS
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| Somatic nervous system | Nerves that control skeletal muscle contractions
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| Autonomic nervous system | Nerves that control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, internal organs, and glands
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| Sympathetic nervous system | Prepares the body for stress, the "fight or flight system"
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| Parasympathetic nervous system | Prepares the body for rest, the "rest and digest system"
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| Meninges | Three layers of tissue that surround the CNS
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| Dura mater | Thickest, most external layer of meninges
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| Arachnoid membrane | Delecate web-like middle layer of meninges
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| Pia matter | Thin, vascular, innermost layer of meninges
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| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Clear liquid formed in the vetricles of the brain tha tsupport the brain, cushion the CNS and carries nutrients
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| Cerebrum | Superior portion of the brain about 80% of brain mass
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| Gyri | Convoluted ridges in the cerebrum
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| Sulci | Shallow grooves in the cerebrum
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| Central sulcus | Seperates frontal and parietal lobes
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| Lateral sulcus | Seperates parietal and temporal lobes
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| Brainstem | Interconnects many nervous pathways and helps regulate many visceral functions
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| Diencephalon | Thalamus and hypothalamus
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| Midbrain | Below diencephalon, responsible for visual and auditory reflexes
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| Pons | Rounded structure under midbrane, controls respiration
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| Medula oblongata | Enlarged portion of the brainstem directly above the spinal cord, contains cardiac control center, vasometer center, and respiratory center
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| Ventricles | Four pockets or spaces in the brain
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| Right hemisphere | Contains sensory and motor pathways for the left side of the body
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| Left hemisphere | Contains sensory and motor pathways for the right side of the body
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| Frontal lobe | Responsible for personality, judgment, planning, and speech; contains the motor cortex
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| Parietal lobe | Responsible for determining distance, size, and shape; contains the sensory cortex
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| Motor cortex | Initiates movement of skeletal muscles
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| Sensory cortex | Detects general sensory impulses from the skin
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| Temporal lobe | Contains auditory and olfactory areas, stores memories of auditory and visual experiences
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| Occipital lobe | Contains visual area for interpreting impulses from the eye
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| Insular lobe | Integrates cerebral activities, may also assist in memory
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| Cerebellum | Second largest found posterior and inferior to cerebrum, coordination of voluntary muscles, maintanence of balance, maintanence of muscle tone
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| Thalamus | Sorts out incoming sensory impulses (except smell) and directs them to the proper areas of the cerebral cortex, also filters stimuli
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| Hypothalamus | Controls pituitary, regulates water and eletrolyte balance, hunger, temperature, sleep, sexual response, and emotions
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| Dorsal horns | Gray matter in the spinal cord that extends posteriorly
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| Ventral horns | Grey matter in the spinal cord that extends anteriorly
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| Reflex arc | Route followed by nerve impulses to provide protective response to potentially harmful stimulus
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| Receptor organ | Organ that contains dendrites and receives stimulus
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| Afferent neuron | Relays action potential to the spinal cord
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| Sensory neuron | Afferent neuron
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| Interneuron | Short neuron in the CNS
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| Effector neuron | Conducts action potential to the effector organ to elicit a response
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| Motor neuron | Effector neuron
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| Effector organ | Organ that produces or carries out a response
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| How many cranial nerves are there? | 12
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| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31
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| How many pairs of cervical nerves are there? | 8
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| How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there? | 12
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| How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there? | 5
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| How many pairs of sacral nerves are there? | 5
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| How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there? | 1
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| Dorsal root | Nerve root that protrudes posteriorly from the spinal cord
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| Dorsal root ganglion | Collection of sensory nerve cell bodies outside of the dorsal root
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| Ventral root | Nerve root that protrudes anteriorly from the spinal cord
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| Dermatome | Sensory area of the skin innervated by a particular spinal nerve root
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| Nerve plexus | Network of interconnecting nerves
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| Cervical plexus | Nerve roots C1-C4 and part of C5; Provides sensory innervation for skin around the head, neck, and shoulders along with motor innervation for some of the muscles
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| Brachial plexus | C5-T1 and sometimes portions of C4 and/or T2; Provides sensory and motor innervation for the upper extremity and some neck muscles, gives rise to the axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, and ulnar nerve
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| Lumbosacral plexus | Nerve roots L1-S4; Provides sensory and motor innervation for the lower extremities and gives rise to the obturator nerve, femoral nerve, and sciatic nerve
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| Special sensory | Smell, taste, vision
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| General sensory | Pain, touch, temperature
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| Somatic motor | Voluntary movement
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| Visceral motor | Involuntary movement
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| Transmissions on nerve cells are ____ way | One
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| Microglia | Clean up dead cells
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| Neuroglia | Astrocytes, star shaped cells found in the brain that connect capilaries and neurons
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| Oligodendrocytes | Produce myelin which coats nerves
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| Afferent nerves | Sensing, bringing info. in
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| Efferent nerves | Outgoing, motor response
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| Dopamine | Inhibitory, stops muscles from constantly contracting
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| Norepinephrine | Adrenaline
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| Seratonin | Calming
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| Endorphins | Natural pain killers that act like morphine
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| Meningitis | Inflamation of meninges
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| Do neurons miotically divide to form new or additional neurons or do they regenerate to allow a severed segment to grow back? | Regenerate to allow a severed segment to grow back. They once dead a neuron cannot be replaced.
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| Myelin | Layer made up of protein and lipids that forms a sheath around nerves and speeds the transmission of impulses along nerve cells
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| Cauda equina | Lower end of the spinal cord about L1 down
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| Lumbar puncture | When a special needle is placed into the lower back, into the cauda equina. The pressure in the spinal canal and brain can then be measured. A small amount of cerebral spinal fluid can be removed and sent for testing to determine if there is an infection
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| Carpal tunnel syndrome | When the median nerve becomes compressed
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