urinalysis notes
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What do kidneys do? | extract and remove metabolic wast from the blood
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Microscopic unit of the kidney is.... | nephron
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Outer layer ok kidney | cortex
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Inner layer of kidney | medulla
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Cortex contains.... | Gomerulus Bowman's Capsule PCT DCT
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Medulla contains.... | Loop of Henle and most of collection tubules
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Ureters are capable of.... | Peristalsis
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Urinary bladder... | is a reservoir that contains the urine
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Name 3 phases involved in urine production. | Filteration Reabsorption Secretion
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List the flow of urine from kiidney to out the body. | Afferent Arteriole Glomerulus Bowman's Capsule PCT Loop of Henle DCT Large Collecting Duct Renal Pelvis Ureter Excretion
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A complete urinalysis evaluates.... 2 things | Physical and Chemical Properties
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List 4 methods of urine collection. | Free Catch Manual Expression Catheterization Cystocentesis
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Free Catch.... | Easiest method
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What kind of sample is the best when using a free catch or manual expression?? | Midstream
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How is a manual expression performed? | animal in lateral recumbency or standing. Palpate the bladder Apply gentle steady pressure.
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True or False. Use manual expression on obstructed urethras. | False
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What are 2 types of catheters used?? | Polypropalene Red Rubber
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Redirect the needle in the bladder during a cystocentesis is a good idea?? | NO
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Where is the needle entered in the body of a male dog during a cystocentesis? | caudal to the umbilicus and to the side of the sheath of the penis
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Where is the needle entered in the body of a female dog and cats during a cystoentesis?? | ventral midline caudal to the umbilicus. or aim between the last 2 sets of nipples make and X and aim in the middle
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Cystocentesis is the best method for what test?? | Urine Culture Sensitivity
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What type of tube do you send urine in for a culture or sensitivity?? | Red Top Tube
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Final report should included what?? | Patient information collection technique used date and time collected method of perservation complete urinalysis results
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Urinalysis should be performed within.... | 30 minutes to an hour of collection
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Can it be refigerated?? for how long if you can?? | Yes for 6-12 hours
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True or False. Always warm refgerated sample to room temperature. | True.
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What is the impact on the urine sample if it is refigerated? | crystals may form and alter specific gravity
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What is the impact on urine at room temperature>> | cells deteriate rapidly RBC and casts will disintergrate Bacteria will mulitply.
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Chemical changes at room temperature include... | decrease glucose concentration decrease billiruben concentration
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What are the physical properties of urine? | Volume Smell Color Transparency
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Polyuria | increased urine output
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Oliguria | decreased urine output
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Anuria | absence of urine
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Pollakuria | frequent urination
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Name factors that affect volume of urine. | fluid intake external losses enviromental temperature and humidity amount and type of food level of physical activity size of the animal species
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dog normal urine output | 20-40 ml/kg/day
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Cat normal urine output | 20-40 ml/kg/day
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cattle normal urine output | 17-45 ml/kg/day
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Horses normal urine output | 3-18 ml/kg/day
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Sheep and goats normal urine output | 10-40 ml/kg/day
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normal urine color | yellow to amber
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concentrated urine | darker
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dilute urine | lighter
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colorless | polyuria or low specific gravity
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dark yellow to yellow brown | oliguria or high specific gravity
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yellow brown or green with foam when shaken | bile pigments are present
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red or red brown | presence of RBC or hematuria
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brown | myoglobin
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normal specific gravity for a dog | 1.025
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Normal specific gravity for a cat | 1.030
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Normal specific gravity for a horse | 1.035
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Normal specific gravity for cattle and swine | 1.015
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Normal specific gravity for sheep | 1.30
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herbivores have more | alkaline urine
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Carnivores have more | acidic urine
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Omnivores have | either acidic alkalinic urine
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Average normal pH in dog | 6-7
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average normal pH in cat | 6-7
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average normal pH in horse | 7-8.5
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average normal pH in cattle | 7-8.5
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average normal pH in sheep | 6-8.5
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Is bilirubin normal?? | Yes for dogs and cattle but not for sheep pigs cats and horses
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Hematuria | RBC in urine
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Hemoglobinuria | free hemoglobin in urine
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Myoglobinuria | presence of myoglobin in the urine
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piuria | pus in urine or excessive WBCs in urine
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name 3 types of epithelial cells | transitional squamous renal
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What do squamous epithelial cells look like? | flat thin cells with a homogeneous apperance straight edges with distinct corners the curl or fold
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largest cells in urine sediment | squamous epithelial cells
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What do transitional epithelial cells like? | round appear pear shaped or caudate are granular small nucleus larger than WBCs
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What do renal epithelial cells look like? | usually round nucleus nongranular or finely granular cytoplasma
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smallest epithelial cell | renal epithelial cells
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Name the 3 classes of casts | hyaline epithelial cellular granular waxy fatty
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Hyaline casts | clear colorless cylindrical with parallel sides and usually rounded ends
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Granular casts | most common type of cast
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Leukocyte cast | mainly Neutrophils
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Erythrocyte cast | deep yellowto orange
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Waxy cast | hyaline cast but wider and square ends gray or colorless
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fatty cast | common seen in cats
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Struvite crystals | coffin lids alkaline urine common in dogs and some cats
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Amorphous Phosphate crystals | alkaline urine often confused with bacteria
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Amorphous Urate crystals | acidic urine often confused with bacteria
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Calcium Carbonate Crystals | common in horses and rabbits round with many lines rotating alkaline or neutral from the center also have dumbbell look
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Ammonium biurate Crystals | acidic alkaline or neutral brown thor apple
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calcium oxalate dihydrate | X small number seen in dogs and cats
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Calcium oxalate monohydrate | picket fence antifreeze toxicity
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Sulfonamide Crystals | round dark less in alkaline
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Uric Acid crystals | acidic diamond rhomboid yellow yellow/ brown seen in dalmations
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Leucine Crystals | acidic urine small pincushion yellow or brown liver Dz
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Tyrosine crystals | acidic dark with needlelike projections liver Dz
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cystine crystals | acidic flat 6 sides colorless thin renal tubular dysfunction or cystine urolithiasis
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Biliruin Crystals | acidic rhomboid plates needles granules yellow ruby red dark brown liver dz
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Cholesterol Crystals | large flat notched
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Bacteria | cocci or bacilli quivering
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cocci | round
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bacilli | rod
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Yesast | often confused with RBCs or fat droplets rare
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Capillaria plica | bladderworm of dogs and cats
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Dioctophyma renale | kidney worm of dogs
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Dirofilaria immitis | dogs with adult heartworms and circulating microfilaria
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Mucus Threads | often confused with casts resemble a twisted ribbon
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Sperm | seen from intact male or recently bred females can produce a false positive for protein
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Fat | seen to some degree in cats lightly green tinge spherical
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lipuria | fat in urine
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with Sudan III stain fat droplets appear | orange or red
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Urolith | bladder stone or urinary calculi
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Urolithiasis | occurrence of bladder stones or urinary calculi
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