Soil & Earth's Resources notes
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| Soil is one of the most valuable ___ factors in an ecosystem because everything that lives on land depends directly or indirectly on soil | abiotic
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| Soil quality properties that can be observed | soil profile, composition, texture, and particle size
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| Soil profile | made up of the layers or horizons of soil
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| 3 layers that make up a mature soil profile | topsoil, subsoil, and parent material above the bedrock
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| The most suitable soil for plant growth consists of a mixture of ___, ___, and ___ | humus, clay, minerals
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| Most animals live in the ___ horizon | topsoil
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| composition of soil | a mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material, air, and water
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| humus | decayed organic matter in soil
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| The combination of sand, silt, and clay in soil determines the soil type and affects the types of ___ that can grow in it or ___ that can live in it | plants, animals
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| factors that may affect soil type | the types of plants, climate, time, and slope of the land
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| soil ___ depends on the size of individual soil particles and is determined by the relative proportions of particle sizes that make up the soil | texture
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| Texture names may include loam, sandy clay loam, silt loam, or clay depending upon the ___ of sand, silt, and clay in the soil sample | percent
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| The texture affects the amount of ___ that can be absorbed for use by plants and animals | water
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| Particle size of soil from largest to smallest | gravel, sand, silt, and clay
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| Gravel | soil particles larger than 2mm
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| ___ size also affects the amount of water that can be absorbed and used by plants and animals | particle
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| Soil properties that can be measured | pH, and permeability
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| pores | open spaces between soil particles that let water flow through
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| permeability | how freely water flows through the soil
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| The closer the particles pack together because of particle size, the less ___ the soil is | permeable
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| Measuring permeability involves calculating the ___ of drainage | rate
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| Soils can be basic or acidic and usually measure ___ on the pH scale | 4-10
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| Indicators can be used to measure the ___ of soils | pH
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| Most plants grow best in soils with a pH of between _ and _ | 5 and 7
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| Regardless of the nutrients present in the soil, if the pH is not suitable those nutrients will be ___ to the organisms | inaccessible
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| lime | kind of fertilizer that alters pH and making the soil nutrients more accessible.
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| All organisms on Earth, including humans, use resources provided by the ___ | environment
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| Living things use, change, and ___ natural resources | reuse
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| renewable resources | resources that can be replaced and reused by nature
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| nonrenewable | Natural resources that cannot be replaced by nature
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| ___ ___are replaced through natural processes at a rate that is equal to or greater than the rate at which they are being used | renewable resources
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| ___can be cleaned and purified by plants during the process of photosynthesis as they remove carbon dioxide from the air and replace it with oxygen | Air
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| The ___ ___ allows Earth’s water to be used over and over within the environment | water cycle
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| ___ is formed to replace soil that has been carried away by wind & water | topsoil
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| renewable resource that provides a source of energy for all processes on Earth | solar energy (sunlight)
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| ___ ___ are exhaustible because they are being extracted and used at a much faster rate than the rate at which they were formed | Nonrenewable resources
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| examples of nonrenewable resources | Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), diamonds, metals, and other minerals
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| takes millions of years to be replaced | nonrenewable resources
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| Reducing | involves making a decision to not use a resource when there is an alternative, such as walking or riding a bicycle rather than traveling in a car
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| Reusing | involves finding a way to use a resource (or product from a resource) again without changing it or reprocessing it, such as washing a drinking glass rather than throwing away plastic or Styrofoam
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| Recycling | involves reprocessing a resource (or product from a resource) so that the materials can be used again as another item, such as metals, glass or plastics being remade into new metal or glass products or into fibers.
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| Protecting | involves preventing the loss of a resource, usually living things, by managing their environment to increase the chances of survival, such as providing wildlife preserves for endangered animals.
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