Final-Earth Science
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| Which one of the following would most likely be covered with thick turbidite layers? | deep-sea fan at the base of a continental slope
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| Which of the following is NOT true of deep ocean trenches? | they are geologically very stable
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| Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay are ________. | all of these
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| The oceans cover approximately ________ percent of Earth's surface. | 70
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| How do calcareous oozes form? | the particles are precipitated in warm, surface waters and sink to the bottom
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| ________ develop where oceanic lithosphere bends downward and sinks into the mantle. | Deep ocean trenches
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| Fetch is ________. | none of these
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| A sand bar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the open ocean is a ________. | none of these
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| Which ocean has the greatest average depth? | Pacific
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| The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep ocean is termed the ________. | continental shelf
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| Which one of the following concerning mid-ocean ridges is false? | sediments include thick siliceous ooze deposits and sandy turbidite beds
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| It is thought that submarine canyons on the continental slope have been generated by ________ | turbidity currents
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| The presence of which one of the following would indicate that the land had been uplifted or that sea level had fallen? | elevated marine terrace
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| Because of the Coriolis effect, surface ocean currents are deflected to the ________ of their path of motion in the Northern Hemisphere. | right
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| Waves begin to "feel bottom" when the depth of water is ________. | equal to one-half the wavelength
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| The BEST definition of the outer edge of the continental shelf is that point where ________. | a rapid steepening of the gradient occurs
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| A sand ridge connecting an island to the mainland or to another island is a ________. | tombolo
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| Which one of the following would you NOT associate with turbidity currents? | formation of seamounts
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| Minerals that crystallize directly from seawater are examples of ________. | hydrogenous sediment
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| A ridge of sand projecting into a bay and often having a hooked end is a ________. | spit
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| Which one of the following is NOT part of the continental margin? | continental trench
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| The daily tidal range is GREATEST during ________ tide. | spring
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| Which of the following is associated with ocean ridges? | all of these
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| Which one of the following is a landform created by wave erosion? | sea arch
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| Sediments derived primarily from the products of weathering on the continents are called ________. | terrigenous sediment
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| Seamounts ________. | are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor
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| The zigzag movement of sand grains along a beach is ________. | both caused by obliquely breaking waves and called beach drift
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| One result of wave refraction is that wave energy is concentrated ________. | on headlands projecting into the water
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| Concerning the distribution of land and water, which of the following statements is true? | the Southern Hemisphere has much more water surface than the Northern Hemisphere
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| When waves reach shallow water, they are often bent and tend to become parallel to the shore. This process is termed ________. | refraction
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| Fetch refers to ________. | a large expanse of open water over which the wind blows and generates waves
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| Which of the following is a tidal current? | both flood and ebb tide
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| Manganese nodules are an example of ________. | hydrogenous sediment
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| Which one of the following structures is built to protect boats from large breaking waves? | breakwater
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| Because of the Coriolis effect, surface ocean currents are deflected to the ________ of their path of motion in the Southern Hemisphere. | left
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| The movement of sand parallel to the shore ________. | all of these
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| A poleward-moving ocean current is ________. | warm
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| Which one of the following salts is most abundant in seawater? | sodium chloride
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| The crests of mid-oceanic ridges ________. | contain active rift zones
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| The movement of water within the surf zone that parallels the shore is termed ________. | longshore current
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| The daily tidal range is LEAST during ________ tide. | neap
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| An isolated remnant of wave erosion is a ________. | sea stack
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| A flat, bench-like surface cut in rock along a coast is a ________. | wave-cut platform
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| Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion? | all of these
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| Submarine canyons found on the continental slope and are believed to have been created ________. | none of these
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| The continental rise is located ________. | between an abyssal plain and continental slope
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| An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for a ________. | sound pulse travels from a ship to the seafloor and back
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| The ________ Ocean is largest. | Pacific
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| Large estuaries are more common on a ________ coastline. | submergent
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| The energy that drives surface ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream comes from ________. | prevailing winds
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| The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the ________. | troposphere
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| On the average, how much of the Sun's energy that is intercepted by Earth is reflected back to space? | 30%
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| Ozone is concentrated in the ________. | stratosphere
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| Which one of the following is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? | nitrogen
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| Which one of the gases listed below is more important meteorologically (that is, is more important in weather processes) than the others? | carbon dioxide
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| Which are mechanisms of heat transfer? | all of these
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| The two most important heat absorbing gases in the lower atmosphere are ________. | water vapor and carbon dioxide
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| Which one of the following statements is true about the equinoxes? | days and nights are equal in length everywhere
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| The spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on ________. | March 21
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| On the AVERAGE, for every 1 km increase in altitude in the troposphere, the air temperature ________. | drops about 6.5C
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| Which one of the following latitudes best represents the location where the Sun is directly overhead at noon on April 21? |
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| The North Pole has a higher noon Sun angle than New York City on this date. | none of these
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| Ozone filters out most of the ________ radiation in sunlight. | ultraviolet
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| Earth receives energy from the Sun in this way. | radiation
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| On this date the length of daylight gets progressively longer going south from the equator. | December 21
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| At noon on February 21, the Sun is overhead ________. | at some point between the Tropic of Capricorn and the equator, heading northward
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| The wavelengths of radiation emitted by Earth are ________. | longer than those emitted by the Sun
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| The triatomic form of oxygen (O3) is known as ________. | ozone
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| A very important control of the DAILY range of temperature is ________. | the amount of water vapor in the air
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| The tropopause is the boundary between ________ | the troposphere and stratosphere
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| Practically all clouds and storms occur in this layer of the atmosphere. | troposphere
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| Fifty percent of the gases making up the atmosphere are found below ________. | 3 ½ miles (5.6 km)
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| The storage of heat in the lower layer of the atmosphere produced by certain heat absorbing gases is called the ________. | greenhouse effect
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| The 90 angle solar rays are striking the Tropic of Cancer on ________. | greenhouse effect
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| With which of the following is dust in the atmosphere associated? | all of these
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| The cloud form that is best described as sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky is termed ________. | stratus
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| The cloud form that consists of globular cloud masses that take on a billowy or "cauliflower-like" structure is called ________. | cumulus
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| This term is used to describe clouds found in the middle height range. | alto
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| High clouds that form delicate veil-like patches or extended wispy fibers are termed ________. | cirrus
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| This term is used to describe clouds that produce precipitation. | nimbo
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| These clouds are often called "fair weather" clouds. | cumulus
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| This cloud sometimes produces "mare's tails." | cirrus
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| This cloud type is confined to the middle height range. | altostratus
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| Hail is most commonly associated with ________. | cumulonimbus
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| A wintertime form of precipitation that consists of small ice particles is called ________. | sleet
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| This fog forms in valleys at night. | radiation fog
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| When warm moist air moves over a cold surface, ________ fog may result. | advection
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| Which one of the fogs listed below may be categorized as an evaporation fog? | steam
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| The amount of water vapor in the air (by volume) usually does not exceed ________. | 4%
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| When using a psychrometer and the two temperatures read nearly the same, you can conclude that ________. | the air has a high relative humidity
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| Under what circumstances could the relative humidity exceed 100% without producing condensation in the air? | there are no condensation nuclei
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| The most important process of cloud formation in the atmosphere is ________. | cooling by expansion of air
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| If air at sea level with a temperature of 27C is forced up a mountain slope and the air's dew point at the condensation level is 14C, at what elevation will condensation begin? | 1300 meters
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| Which of the following would NOT be associated with stable atmospheric conditions? | afternoon thunder showers
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| Deserts such as the Great Basin, Gobi, and Takla Makan are examples of ________. | rainshadow deserts
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| The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called ________. | condensation
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| The term ________ is used to describe the conversion of a solid directly to a gas, without passing through the liquid state. | sublimation
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| The process by which water vapor changes directly to a solid is called ________. | deposition
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| This process results in the release of about 600 calories of latent heat per gram of water. | condensation
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| What is the dew point for the conditions listed above? | 20C
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| Standard sea level pressure in millibars is | 1013 mb
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| Standard sea level pressure in inches of mercury is ________. | 29.92 inches
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| Which of these instruments is NOT used to measure air pressure? | anemometer
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| An altimeter is an adaptation of the ________. | aneroid barometer
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| Which of these factors influence the magnitude of the Coriolis force? | both wind speed and latitude
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| Lines on a weather map connecting places of equal air pressure are called ________. | isobars
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| Closely spaced isobars often indicate ________. | high winds
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| A steep pressure gradient ________. | produces strong winds
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| Widely spaced isobars often indicate ________. | light winds
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| In the Northern Hemisphere, the winds associated with a low pressure system (cyclone) blow ________. | counterclockwise and toward the center
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| In the Northern Hemisphere, winds associated with a high pressure system blow ________. | clockwise and outward from the center
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| If Earth were not rotating ________. | air would move directly from high to low pressure
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| Upper air winds ________. | are generally faster than surface winds
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| High air pressure systems are usually associated with ________. | all of these
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| In the Southern Hemisphere, the winds associated with a low pressure system blow ________. | clockwise and toward the center
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| If stormy weather is approaching, the pressure tendency would probably be ________. | falling
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| Most of the United States is situated in which zone of prevailing winds? | westerlies
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| Another name for the area of subtropical highs is ________. | horse latitudes
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| This pressure zone is associated with abundant precipitation and warm temperatures. | equatorial low
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| When are upper air winds fastest? | in winter
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| A Santa Ana (or Chinook or Foehn) wind is a ________. | very dry, warm wind flowing down a mountain slope
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| A sea breeze usually originates during the ________. | day and flows toward the land
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| Fast moving currents of air found near the top of the troposphere are called ________. | jet streams
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| What is the technical name for a high pressure center? | anticyclone
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| This air mass may produce an occasional "northeaster" in the winter. | mP
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| The air masses that have the greatest influence on weather conditions in the central United States are ________. | cP and mT
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| When an area is experiencing several consecutive days of rather constant weather, it is probably ________. | air-mass weather
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| The eye of a hurricane is ________. | warmer than the rest of the storm
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| On a weather map, ________ fronts are shown by a line with triangular points on one side. | cold
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| Hurricanes generally are ________. | all of these
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| This air mass is the source of much of the moisture for precipitation in the central and eastern United States. | mT
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| Typhoon is another name for a ________. | hurricane
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| A cT air mass is ________. | warm and dry
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| The precipitation associated with a warm front typically arrives ________ the actual frontal boundary ________. | considerably ahead of
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| When a hurricane moves onto land, it rapidly loses its punch; that is, the storm declines in intensity. Which of the factors listed below contribute to this loss of punch? | both friction and lack of warm, moist air
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| If an observer sees cirrus clouds, followed later by cirrostratus, and then altostratus, he or she is witnessing the approach of a ________ front. | warm
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| Which one of the following statements is NOT true of tornadoes? | usually occur along the warm front of a mid-latitude cyclone
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| Cold fronts and warm fronts in the middle latitudes are often associated with a ________. | both middle-latitude cyclone and low pressure
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| An air mass from the Gulf of Mexico is labeled ________. | mT
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| In the Northern Hemisphere, tornadoes are most frequent during the ________. | April-June period
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| This air mass often originates as a different air mass in Siberia and is subsequently altered. | cP
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| Which of the following should have the steepest pressure gradient? | tornado
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| Usually ________ fronts produce several hours of moderate-to-gentle precipitation over a large region. | warm
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| Tornadoes most often move TOWARDS what direction? | northeast
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| When an active cold front overtakes a warm front ________. | an occluded front forms
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| An mP air mass is ________. | cold and humid
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| A wind shift from south or southwest to northwest is commonly associated with the passage of a ________ front. | cold
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| Which of the following is considered to be a boundary between two different air masses? | both warm front and cold front
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| After the center of a mature wave cyclone passes, you should expect ________. | barometric pressure to rise
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| The surface features of ________ are known only through satellite radar mapping. | Venus
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| Carbon dioxide is the major gas in the atmosphere of Venus. | True
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| In the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe the ________. | Earth was in the center of the universe
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| ________ meteorites are thought to be analogous in composition to Earth's core. | Iron
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| The high surface temperatures of this planet have been attributed to the greenhouse effect. | Venus
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| The belt (orbit) of the asteroids is located between ________. | Jupiter and Mars
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| ________ is the principal gas in the Venusian atmosphere and also a minor component of the atmospheres of Earth and Mars. | Carbon dioxide
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| The ________ explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles. | nebular hypothesis
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| The first modern astronomer to propose a Sun-centered universe was ________. | Nicolaus Copernicus
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| Which one of the following is not found on Mars? | H2O-rich atmosphere
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| Which of the following statements concerning ring satellites of the planets is true? | consist of concentrations of particles generally smaller than 10 meters in diameter
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| This scientist was the first to use the telescope in astronomy. | Galileo
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| Which one of the following is most likely to be associated both with impact craters and with volcanic calderas that originate by collapse? | landslides and other mass wasting movements along the walls of the depression
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| ________ has the great, dark spot on its surface. | Neptune
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| As the solar system was forming, ________ came closest to undergoing nuclear fusion and becoming a second sun. | Jupiter
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| Which one of the terrestrial planets has a surface landscape similar to that of the older areas of the Moon? | Mercury
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| Which of these lunar features is the oldest? | lunar highlands
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| Which one of the following statements is a logical explanation for why the Venusian atmosphere contains much more carbon dioxide than Earth's atmosphere? | Venusian atmospheric and surface temperatures are much lower than Earth's
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| Selected Answer: Venusian atmospheric and surface temperatures are much lower than Earth's |
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| ________ refers to the bright head of a comet. | Coma
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| Which one of the following is not true of Jupiter? | a rotational speed slower than Mercury
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| ________, a moon orbiting Jupiter, has an unusually smooth, uncratered, ice-covered surface. | Europa
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| Most of the Moon's craters were produced by ________. | the impact of debris (meteoroids)
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| ________ has a hot, turbulent atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide. | Venus
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| The smallest planet in the solar system is ________. | Mercury
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| Galileo observed several features using the telescope. Which one of the following did he NOT discover? | the two moons of Mars
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| A first magnitude star is ________ times brighter than a 5th magnitude star. | 10
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| Most stars are in this stage of evolution. | main-sequence star
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| The final stage for a star which is as massive as the Sun is a ________. | black dwarf
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| These stars are produced during a supernova event. | white dwarf
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| Which color stars have the coolest surface temperature? | red
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| A star in which light cannot escape because of the immense gravitational pull at its surface is called a ________. | black hole
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| The Sun is considered an average star. | True
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| When a main-sequence star has exhausted the fuel in the inner region, it becomes a ________. | red giant
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| The measure of a star's brightness is called its ________. | magnitude
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| Possibly the most cataclysmic event to occur in nature is ________. | a supernova
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| Which main-sequence stars are the least massive? | red
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| The distance to stars can be determined from ________. | stellar parallax
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| Which main-sequence stars are the most massive? | blue
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| The Sun belongs to this class of stars. | main-sequence star
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| The point in stellar evolution when a star has used up all its fuel and is radiating away its remaining thermal energy as light is the ________ stage. | white dwarf
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| This property of a star can be determined from its color. | surface temperature
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| The final stage in the evolution of the most massive stars is a ________. | black hole
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| Our galaxy is called the ________. | Milky Way galaxy
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| Which color stars have the highest surface temperature? | blue
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| Hubble's law states that galaxies are receding from us at a speed that is proportional to their ________. | distance
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| One of the most common units used to express stellar distance is the ________. | light-year
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| Which one of the objects listed below has the largest size? | galaxies
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| Based on the observed red shifts in the spectral lines of distant galaxies, astronomers conclude that ________. | the universe is expanding
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| The most dense stars known to exist are ________. | black holes
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| The discovery that the universe appears to be expanding led to a widely accepted theory called ________. | the Big Bang
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