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Final-Earth Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which one of the following would most likely be covered with thick turbidite layers? | deep-sea fan at the base of a continental slope |
| Which of the following is NOT true of deep ocean trenches? | they are geologically very stable |
| Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay are ________. | all of these |
| The oceans cover approximately ________ percent of Earth's surface. | 70 |
| How do calcareous oozes form? | the particles are precipitated in warm, surface waters and sink to the bottom |
| ________ develop where oceanic lithosphere bends downward and sinks into the mantle. | Deep ocean trenches |
| Fetch is ________. | none of these |
| A sand bar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the open ocean is a ________. | none of these |
| Which ocean has the greatest average depth? | Pacific |
| The gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep ocean is termed the ________. | continental shelf |
| Which one of the following concerning mid-ocean ridges is false? | sediments include thick siliceous ooze deposits and sandy turbidite beds |
| It is thought that submarine canyons on the continental slope have been generated by ________ | turbidity currents |
| The presence of which one of the following would indicate that the land had been uplifted or that sea level had fallen? | elevated marine terrace |
| Because of the Coriolis effect, surface ocean currents are deflected to the ________ of their path of motion in the Northern Hemisphere. | right |
| Waves begin to "feel bottom" when the depth of water is ________. | equal to one-half the wavelength |
| The BEST definition of the outer edge of the continental shelf is that point where ________. | a rapid steepening of the gradient occurs |
| A sand ridge connecting an island to the mainland or to another island is a ________. | tombolo |
| Which one of the following would you NOT associate with turbidity currents? | formation of seamounts |
| Minerals that crystallize directly from seawater are examples of ________. | hydrogenous sediment |
| A ridge of sand projecting into a bay and often having a hooked end is a ________. | spit |
| Which one of the following is NOT part of the continental margin? | continental trench |
| The daily tidal range is GREATEST during ________ tide. | spring |
| Which of the following is associated with ocean ridges? | all of these |
| Which one of the following is a landform created by wave erosion? | sea arch |
| Sediments derived primarily from the products of weathering on the continents are called ________. | terrigenous sediment |
| Seamounts ________. | are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor |
| The zigzag movement of sand grains along a beach is ________. | both caused by obliquely breaking waves and called beach drift |
| One result of wave refraction is that wave energy is concentrated ________. | on headlands projecting into the water |
| Concerning the distribution of land and water, which of the following statements is true? | the Southern Hemisphere has much more water surface than the Northern Hemisphere |
| When waves reach shallow water, they are often bent and tend to become parallel to the shore. This process is termed ________. | refraction |
| Fetch refers to ________. | a large expanse of open water over which the wind blows and generates waves |
| Which of the following is a tidal current? | both flood and ebb tide |
| Manganese nodules are an example of ________. | hydrogenous sediment |
| Which one of the following structures is built to protect boats from large breaking waves? | breakwater |
| Because of the Coriolis effect, surface ocean currents are deflected to the ________ of their path of motion in the Southern Hemisphere. | left |
| The movement of sand parallel to the shore ________. | all of these |
| A poleward-moving ocean current is ________. | warm |
| Which one of the following salts is most abundant in seawater? | sodium chloride |
| The crests of mid-oceanic ridges ________. | contain active rift zones |
| The movement of water within the surf zone that parallels the shore is termed ________. | longshore current |
| The daily tidal range is LEAST during ________ tide. | neap |
| An isolated remnant of wave erosion is a ________. | sea stack |
| A flat, bench-like surface cut in rock along a coast is a ________. | wave-cut platform |
| Which of the following is designed to prevent or retard shoreline erosion? | all of these |
| Submarine canyons found on the continental slope and are believed to have been created ________. | none of these |
| The continental rise is located ________. | between an abyssal plain and continental slope |
| An echo sounder operates by measuring the time required for a ________. | sound pulse travels from a ship to the seafloor and back |
| The ________ Ocean is largest. | Pacific |
| Large estuaries are more common on a ________ coastline. | submergent |
| The energy that drives surface ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream comes from ________. | prevailing winds |
| The lowest layer of the atmosphere is the ________. | troposphere |
| On the average, how much of the Sun's energy that is intercepted by Earth is reflected back to space? | 30% |
| Ozone is concentrated in the ________. | stratosphere |
| Which one of the following is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? | nitrogen |
| Which one of the gases listed below is more important meteorologically (that is, is more important in weather processes) than the others? | carbon dioxide |
| Which are mechanisms of heat transfer? | all of these |
| The two most important heat absorbing gases in the lower atmosphere are ________. | water vapor and carbon dioxide |
| Which one of the following statements is true about the equinoxes? | days and nights are equal in length everywhere |
| The spring equinox in the Northern Hemisphere occurs on ________. | March 21 |
| On the AVERAGE, for every 1 km increase in altitude in the troposphere, the air temperature ________. | drops about 6.5C |
| Which one of the following latitudes best represents the location where the Sun is directly overhead at noon on April 21? | |
| The North Pole has a higher noon Sun angle than New York City on this date. | none of these |
| Ozone filters out most of the ________ radiation in sunlight. | ultraviolet |
| Earth receives energy from the Sun in this way. | radiation |
| On this date the length of daylight gets progressively longer going south from the equator. | December 21 |
| At noon on February 21, the Sun is overhead ________. | at some point between the Tropic of Capricorn and the equator, heading northward |
| The wavelengths of radiation emitted by Earth are ________. | longer than those emitted by the Sun |
| The triatomic form of oxygen (O3) is known as ________. | ozone |
| A very important control of the DAILY range of temperature is ________. | the amount of water vapor in the air |
| The tropopause is the boundary between ________ | the troposphere and stratosphere |
| Practically all clouds and storms occur in this layer of the atmosphere. | troposphere |
| Fifty percent of the gases making up the atmosphere are found below ________. | 3 ½ miles (5.6 km) |
| The storage of heat in the lower layer of the atmosphere produced by certain heat absorbing gases is called the ________. | greenhouse effect |
| The 90 angle solar rays are striking the Tropic of Cancer on ________. | greenhouse effect |
| With which of the following is dust in the atmosphere associated? | all of these |
| The cloud form that is best described as sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky is termed ________. | stratus |
| The cloud form that consists of globular cloud masses that take on a billowy or "cauliflower-like" structure is called ________. | cumulus |
| This term is used to describe clouds found in the middle height range. | alto |
| High clouds that form delicate veil-like patches or extended wispy fibers are termed ________. | cirrus |
| This term is used to describe clouds that produce precipitation. | nimbo |
| These clouds are often called "fair weather" clouds. | cumulus |
| This cloud sometimes produces "mare's tails." | cirrus |
| This cloud type is confined to the middle height range. | altostratus |
| Hail is most commonly associated with ________. | cumulonimbus |
| A wintertime form of precipitation that consists of small ice particles is called ________. | sleet |
| This fog forms in valleys at night. | radiation fog |
| When warm moist air moves over a cold surface, ________ fog may result. | advection |
| Which one of the fogs listed below may be categorized as an evaporation fog? | steam |
| The amount of water vapor in the air (by volume) usually does not exceed ________. | 4% |
| When using a psychrometer and the two temperatures read nearly the same, you can conclude that ________. | the air has a high relative humidity |
| Under what circumstances could the relative humidity exceed 100% without producing condensation in the air? | there are no condensation nuclei |
| The most important process of cloud formation in the atmosphere is ________. | cooling by expansion of air |
| If air at sea level with a temperature of 27C is forced up a mountain slope and the air's dew point at the condensation level is 14C, at what elevation will condensation begin? | 1300 meters |
| Which of the following would NOT be associated with stable atmospheric conditions? | afternoon thunder showers |
| Deserts such as the Great Basin, Gobi, and Takla Makan are examples of ________. | rainshadow deserts |
| The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called ________. | condensation |
| The term ________ is used to describe the conversion of a solid directly to a gas, without passing through the liquid state. | sublimation |
| The process by which water vapor changes directly to a solid is called ________. | deposition |
| This process results in the release of about 600 calories of latent heat per gram of water. | condensation |
| What is the dew point for the conditions listed above? | 20C |
| Standard sea level pressure in millibars is | 1013 mb |
| Standard sea level pressure in inches of mercury is ________. | 29.92 inches |
| Which of these instruments is NOT used to measure air pressure? | anemometer |
| An altimeter is an adaptation of the ________. | aneroid barometer |
| Which of these factors influence the magnitude of the Coriolis force? | both wind speed and latitude |
| Lines on a weather map connecting places of equal air pressure are called ________. | isobars |
| Closely spaced isobars often indicate ________. | high winds |
| A steep pressure gradient ________. | produces strong winds |
| Widely spaced isobars often indicate ________. | light winds |
| In the Northern Hemisphere, the winds associated with a low pressure system (cyclone) blow ________. | counterclockwise and toward the center |
| In the Northern Hemisphere, winds associated with a high pressure system blow ________. | clockwise and outward from the center |
| If Earth were not rotating ________. | air would move directly from high to low pressure |
| Upper air winds ________. | are generally faster than surface winds |
| High air pressure systems are usually associated with ________. | all of these |
| In the Southern Hemisphere, the winds associated with a low pressure system blow ________. | clockwise and toward the center |
| If stormy weather is approaching, the pressure tendency would probably be ________. | falling |
| Most of the United States is situated in which zone of prevailing winds? | westerlies |
| Another name for the area of subtropical highs is ________. | horse latitudes |
| This pressure zone is associated with abundant precipitation and warm temperatures. | equatorial low |
| When are upper air winds fastest? | in winter |
| A Santa Ana (or Chinook or Foehn) wind is a ________. | very dry, warm wind flowing down a mountain slope |
| A sea breeze usually originates during the ________. | day and flows toward the land |
| Fast moving currents of air found near the top of the troposphere are called ________. | jet streams |
| What is the technical name for a high pressure center? | anticyclone |
| This air mass may produce an occasional "northeaster" in the winter. | mP |
| The air masses that have the greatest influence on weather conditions in the central United States are ________. | cP and mT |
| When an area is experiencing several consecutive days of rather constant weather, it is probably ________. | air-mass weather |
| The eye of a hurricane is ________. | warmer than the rest of the storm |
| On a weather map, ________ fronts are shown by a line with triangular points on one side. | cold |
| Hurricanes generally are ________. | all of these |
| This air mass is the source of much of the moisture for precipitation in the central and eastern United States. | mT |
| Typhoon is another name for a ________. | hurricane |
| A cT air mass is ________. | warm and dry |
| The precipitation associated with a warm front typically arrives ________ the actual frontal boundary ________. | considerably ahead of |
| When a hurricane moves onto land, it rapidly loses its punch; that is, the storm declines in intensity. Which of the factors listed below contribute to this loss of punch? | both friction and lack of warm, moist air |
| If an observer sees cirrus clouds, followed later by cirrostratus, and then altostratus, he or she is witnessing the approach of a ________ front. | warm |
| Which one of the following statements is NOT true of tornadoes? | usually occur along the warm front of a mid-latitude cyclone |
| Cold fronts and warm fronts in the middle latitudes are often associated with a ________. | both middle-latitude cyclone and low pressure |
| An air mass from the Gulf of Mexico is labeled ________. | mT |
| In the Northern Hemisphere, tornadoes are most frequent during the ________. | April-June period |
| This air mass often originates as a different air mass in Siberia and is subsequently altered. | cP |
| Which of the following should have the steepest pressure gradient? | tornado |
| Usually ________ fronts produce several hours of moderate-to-gentle precipitation over a large region. | warm |
| Tornadoes most often move TOWARDS what direction? | northeast |
| When an active cold front overtakes a warm front ________. | an occluded front forms |
| An mP air mass is ________. | cold and humid |
| A wind shift from south or southwest to northwest is commonly associated with the passage of a ________ front. | cold |
| Which of the following is considered to be a boundary between two different air masses? | both warm front and cold front |
| After the center of a mature wave cyclone passes, you should expect ________. | barometric pressure to rise |
| The surface features of ________ are known only through satellite radar mapping. | Venus |
| Carbon dioxide is the major gas in the atmosphere of Venus. | True |
| In the Ptolemaic (Greek) model of the universe the ________. | Earth was in the center of the universe |
| ________ meteorites are thought to be analogous in composition to Earth's core. | Iron |
| The high surface temperatures of this planet have been attributed to the greenhouse effect. | Venus |
| The belt (orbit) of the asteroids is located between ________. | Jupiter and Mars |
| ________ is the principal gas in the Venusian atmosphere and also a minor component of the atmospheres of Earth and Mars. | Carbon dioxide |
| The ________ explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles. | nebular hypothesis |
| The first modern astronomer to propose a Sun-centered universe was ________. | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| Which one of the following is not found on Mars? | H2O-rich atmosphere |
| Which of the following statements concerning ring satellites of the planets is true? | consist of concentrations of particles generally smaller than 10 meters in diameter |
| This scientist was the first to use the telescope in astronomy. | Galileo |
| Which one of the following is most likely to be associated both with impact craters and with volcanic calderas that originate by collapse? | landslides and other mass wasting movements along the walls of the depression |
| ________ has the great, dark spot on its surface. | Neptune |
| As the solar system was forming, ________ came closest to undergoing nuclear fusion and becoming a second sun. | Jupiter |
| Which one of the terrestrial planets has a surface landscape similar to that of the older areas of the Moon? | Mercury |
| Which of these lunar features is the oldest? | lunar highlands |
| Which one of the following statements is a logical explanation for why the Venusian atmosphere contains much more carbon dioxide than Earth's atmosphere? | Venusian atmospheric and surface temperatures are much lower than Earth's |
| Selected Answer: Venusian atmospheric and surface temperatures are much lower than Earth's | |
| ________ refers to the bright head of a comet. | Coma |
| Which one of the following is not true of Jupiter? | a rotational speed slower than Mercury |
| ________, a moon orbiting Jupiter, has an unusually smooth, uncratered, ice-covered surface. | Europa |
| Most of the Moon's craters were produced by ________. | the impact of debris (meteoroids) |
| ________ has a hot, turbulent atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide. | Venus |
| The smallest planet in the solar system is ________. | Mercury |
| Galileo observed several features using the telescope. Which one of the following did he NOT discover? | the two moons of Mars |
| A first magnitude star is ________ times brighter than a 5th magnitude star. | 10 |
| Most stars are in this stage of evolution. | main-sequence star |
| The final stage for a star which is as massive as the Sun is a ________. | black dwarf |
| These stars are produced during a supernova event. | white dwarf |
| Which color stars have the coolest surface temperature? | red |
| A star in which light cannot escape because of the immense gravitational pull at its surface is called a ________. | black hole |
| The Sun is considered an average star. | True |
| When a main-sequence star has exhausted the fuel in the inner region, it becomes a ________. | red giant |
| The measure of a star's brightness is called its ________. | magnitude |
| Possibly the most cataclysmic event to occur in nature is ________. | a supernova |
| Which main-sequence stars are the least massive? | red |
| The distance to stars can be determined from ________. | stellar parallax |
| Which main-sequence stars are the most massive? | blue |
| The Sun belongs to this class of stars. | main-sequence star |
| The point in stellar evolution when a star has used up all its fuel and is radiating away its remaining thermal energy as light is the ________ stage. | white dwarf |
| This property of a star can be determined from its color. | surface temperature |
| The final stage in the evolution of the most massive stars is a ________. | black hole |
| Our galaxy is called the ________. | Milky Way galaxy |
| Which color stars have the highest surface temperature? | blue |
| Hubble's law states that galaxies are receding from us at a speed that is proportional to their ________. | distance |
| One of the most common units used to express stellar distance is the ________. | light-year |
| Which one of the objects listed below has the largest size? | galaxies |
| Based on the observed red shifts in the spectral lines of distant galaxies, astronomers conclude that ________. | the universe is expanding |
| The most dense stars known to exist are ________. | black holes |
| The discovery that the universe appears to be expanding led to a widely accepted theory called ________. | the Big Bang |
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