Study guide for Spring 2011 Microbiology class
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| a pathogenic microorganism has entered the body | Infected
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| Do all infections cause disease? | No
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| permanently colonize in specific locations of the body but do not cause disease | normal microbiota
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| is in the body for days, weeks, or months but eventually disappears | transient microbiota
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| Normal microbiota contribute to nonspecific defenses of the host by | feeding on the waste of cells and getting rid of dead cells
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| Briefly describe the 3 types of symbiotic relationships. | Commensalism: one organism benifits while the other organism is unaffected mutualism: both organisms benifit parasitism: when one organism benifits while harming the other
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| What is an opportunistic infection? | when disease happens due to conditions of the body changing and pathogen is able to thrive
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| Briefly discuss Typhoid Mary's condition using terms described in lecture. | Her condition was infecting the people she worked for and causing disease. At this point the pathogen had commensalism symbiosis relationship with her.
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| How the disease is caused | Etiology
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| The Etiology of syphilis is | spirochette Treponema pallidum
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| How does Robert Koch fit into the topic of Etiology? | He came up with Scientific method which led to experiments leading up to cures of diseases.
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| How the person is feeling | symptoms
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| observable traits of what the pathogen is doing to the body | signs
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| disease that can be spread | communicable disease
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| diseae that cannot be spread | noncommunicable disease
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| Give examples of the following infectious diseases: -sporadic -endemic -epidemic -pandemic -emerging | -TB -Flu -AIDS -TB -Buobonic plague
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| What are primary and secondary infections? | Primary infection is when a pathogen gets inside the body. Secondary infection happens when the immune system has been weakened by the primary infection and allows more pathogen to infect the body.
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| Distinguish between local, focal, and systemic infection. | -happens in one are of the body -when microorganism are spread throughout the body through blood -when local infection spreads to other parts of the body through blood/lymph
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| Distinguish between bacteremia, septicemia, toxemia, and viremia. | -when blood has bacteria in it -when the bacteria in blood is multiplying quickly -when blood contains toxins -when virus is found in the blood
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| List 3 major catergories of pathogen reservoirs and at least 2 examples of disease of each. | -Human: AIDS and Hepatitis -Animal: Rabies and Flu -Nonliving: pathogenic fungi and pastrointestinal disorder
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| List 3 major ways pathogens are trasferred from reservior to host. | Contact, vehicle and vector
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| What are the most common portals of exit? How does this term relate to disease transmission | respiratory and gastrointestinal tract; related to part of body infected
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| What is nasocomial infection and describe why it is so prevalent? What is the most common infection? | -infection acquired during hospital stay; they are so prevalent because the patient's body is already weakened and the infection is already present in the hospital; UTI
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| How can microbes enter the host? What is the most common portal of entry? | Mucous membranes and break in skin; most common is through GI or repiratory tract
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| How is the parenteral route different from entering through the skin? | the skin or mucous membranes are penetrated
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| used for expressing the virulence or potency of a microbe or its toxin represents lethal dose for 50% of hosts | LD50
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| does required to produce a demonstrable infection in 50% of the hosts | ID50
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| What features of bacteria contribute to adherence to the host cell? | Adhesions or ligands
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| What features allows the pathogen to penetrate host defenses? | Capsules and components of cell wall
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| List enzymes secreted by bacteria to promote healthy colonization of the pathogen in the host. | leukocidins, hemolysins, coagulases, kinases, hyaluronidase, collagenase
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| What are the first line defenses? | skin and the mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
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| What are the second line defenses? | cells (phagocytes), antimicrobial chemicals, and processes (inflamation, fever)
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| What are the third line defenses? | specfic immunity
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| What are the 3 barriers that comprise the first line defenses? Know examples. | Anatomical/physical (skin); Chemical (tears); genetic (level of sensitivity)
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| defenses against any pathogen | nonspecific resistance
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| What is the role of the skin and mucous membrane in nonspecific resistance? | Skin and the mucuos membrane is a physical barrier from the pathogen
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| removes debris from the lungs through the cilia | ciliary escalator
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| Differentiate between mechanical and chemical factors as they relate to nonspecific defenses, and list several examples. | Surveillance of the body; recognition of foreign material, and destruction (including WBC)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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| How does normal microbiota contribute to non-specific defenses? | It keeps a balanced environment for the pathogens helping the body.
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| What is the role of white blood cells in the body? | It will recognize microbes and will get rid of it
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| What are the 5 major types of white blood cells? | Neutrophiles, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes
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| What are the 4 major systems that help the body? | Reticuloendothelial system (RES), Extracellular fluids system (ECF), Blood and circulatory, and Lympathic
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| What is the lympathic system? | Part of the immune sytem that transports lymph
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| What are the parts of the lumpathic system? Describe each of those parts. | Fluids-plasma like fluid;Vessels-parallel to blood system & returns lymph to blood system;lymph nodes- filters lymph; spleen-filters blood; thymus-releases T-cells in embryo and supply mature T-cells for adults; GALT AND MALT- recognize microbes from food
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| What are four major processes involved in non-specific immunity? | inflammation, phagocytosis, interferon, and complement
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| What is inflammation? | redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function
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| List the stages and characteristics of inflammation. | vascular changes, edema, and fever
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| Describe the cause and effects of fever. | it is caused by pyrogens; it inhibits microbe and viral multiplication
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| What is phagocyte and phagocytosis? | phagocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages; phagocytosis attacks foreign debris and ingest them
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| What are the mechanisms involved in phagocytosis? | Chemotaxis, Ingestion, Phagolysosome, and Destruction
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| Differentiate between lysosome and lysozymes. | Lysosomes_____________________________________ Lysozymes_____________________________________
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| What is interferon? And what is its role in non-specific immunity? | Synthesized by WBC and Tissue cells under attack; it is not virus specific
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| What is the process known as complement? | it helps with immunity and helps fight of bacteria and viruses through breakdown of proteins
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| What are the stages of complement activation? | initiation, amplification and cascade, polymerization, and membrane attack
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| Differentiate between innate and acquired immunity. | innate gives immediate defense to the host while acquired gives defense against the pathogen for life and is triggered by the innate immunity
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| Differentiate between immunity and nonspecific resistance. | immunity is activated by the pathogen while nonspecific resistance is in the body when it is normal
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| What are the characteristics of B cells? | it is an antibody that can morph in to plasma cells
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| responds and attacks antigens | antibody
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| a toxin in the body | antigen
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| When cells recognize to clone or delete themselves as a response to immunity by B and T cells | clonal selection
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| Explain how antibody reacts with an antigen; identify the consequences of the reaction. | opsonization, agglutination, neutralization, and complement fixation.
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| Distinguish between a primary and secondary immune response. | Primary- first exposure; Secondary-re-exposure and now have memory cells that can produce antibodies quickly
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| Contrast the four types of acquired immunity and know examples of each. | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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| What are the characteristics of T cells. | direct involvement of T cells, produce and react to cytokines, activated simultaneously with B cells, and have unique CD receptors
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| Type I | happens in seconds to minutes and includes most cells
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| Type II | happens in minutes to hours and includes RBC
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| Type III | happens in several hours and includes neutrophils
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| Type IV | happens in days and includes activated T cells
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| Briefly describe T cell activation | Cell mediated-immunity, antigen presenting cells, and transformation
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