neuro4 Brunnstrom
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| Movement therapy in hemiplegia: | developed by Signe Brunnstrom, is based on the hierarchical model by Hughlings Jackson.
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| Brunnstroms approach | created and defined the term synergy and initially encouraged the use of synergy patterns during rehabilitation.
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| Brunnstroms belief | was to immediately practice synergy patterns and subsequently develop combinations of movement patterns outside of the synergy.
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| Synergies | are considered primitive patterns that occur at the spinal cord level as a result of the hierarchical organization of the central nervous system.
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| Reinforcing synergy patterns is rarely utilized now as | research has indicated that reinforced synergy patterns are very difficult to change.
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| Brunnstrom developed . | the seven stages of recovery, which are used for evaluation and documentation of patient progress
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| Associated reactions: | An involuntary and automatic movement of a body part as a result of an intentional active or resistive movement in another body part.
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| Homolateral synkinesis: | A flexion pattern of the involved upper extremity facilitates flexion of the involved lower extremity.
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| Limb synergies: | A group of muscles that produce a predictable pattern of movement in flexion or extension patterns.
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| Raimiste's phenomenon: | The involved lower extremity will abduct/adduct with applied resistance to the uninvolved lower extremity in the same direction.
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| Souque's phenomenon: | Raising the involved upper extremity above 100 degrees with elbow extension will produce extension and abduction of the fingers.
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| Brunnstrom Evaluation of strength | focuses on patterns of movement rather than straight plane motion at a joint
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| Brunnstrom Sensory examination | is required to assist with treating motor deficits
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| Brunnstrom Initially limb synergies are | encouraged as a necessary milestone for recovery
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| Brunnstrom Encourage overflow | to recruit active movement of the weak side
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| Brunnstrom Use of repetition | of task and positive reinforcement
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| Brunnstrom A patient will follow the stages of recovery, | but may experience a plateau at any point so that full recovery is not achieved
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| Brunnstrom Movement combinations | that deviate from the basic limb synergies should be introduced in stage 4 of recovery
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| Brunnstrom separates neurological recovery | into seven separate stages based on progression through abnormal tone and spasticity.
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| Seven Stages of Recovery Stage 1: | No volitional movement initiated.
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| Seven Stages of Recovery Stage 2: | The appearance of basic limb synergies. The beginning of spasticity.
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| Seven Stages of Recovery Stage 3: | The synergies are performed voluntarily; spasticity increases.
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| Seven Stages of Recovery Stage 4: | Spasticity begins to decrease. Movement patterns are not dictated solely by limb synergies.
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| Seven Stages of Recovery Stage 5: | A further decrease in spasticity is noted with independence from limb synergy patterns.
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| Seven Stages of Recovery Stage 6: | Isolated joint movements are performed with coordination.
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| Seven Stages of Recovery Stage 7: | Normal motor function is restored.
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