68WM6-A&P 4
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| the utilization of nutrients by living tissues and cells | assimilation
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| the movement of nutrients into the circulatory system | absorption
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| a mass of food and saliva that is ready to be swallowed | bolus
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| a semi-fluid mixture of food and gastric juice | chyme
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| the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods, the absorption of nutrients by cells | digestion
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| the elimination of indigestible substances from the colon | defecation
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| the taking of food into the mouth | ingestion
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| breaking food down into smaller pieces and mixing with digestive juices without altering the chemical composition | mechanical digestion
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| the process of breading food down into simpler chemicals | chemical digestion
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| 9 organs of the alimentary canal | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
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| accessory organs of the digestive system | salivary glands, teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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| 4 layers of alimentary canal | mucosa, submucosa, muscular, serous
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| absorbtion, secretion, and protection are the functions of this layer of the alimentary canal | mucosal layer
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| this part of the alimentary canal is made of tough, abrasion resistant, stratified epithelium | esophagus
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| this layer of the alimentary canal nourishes the surrounding tissues and carries away absorbed materials | submucosal layer
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| this layer of the alimentary canal produces movement | muscular
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| outer layer of alimentary canal which produces fluid to lubricate the outside of intestines | serous layer
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| this structure receives food and begins the process of mechanical digestion | mouth
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| this structure is mostly muscle, it moves food to the back of the oral cavity | tongue
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| this structure forms the roof of the mouth and closes the nasal cavity and pharynx during swallowing | palate
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| this structure prevents food from entering nasal cavities | uvula
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| these structures of the mouth begin the process of mechanical digestion | teeth
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| these strucures of the mouth moisten and bind food and begin the process of chemical digestion | salivary glands
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| these are the largest of the salivary glands, are located inferior to the ears, and secrete mostly amylase (serous cells) | parotids
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| these salivary glands are located on the floor of the mouth and secrete mostly amylase (serous cells) | submandibular
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| these glands are the smallest salivary glands, are located under the tongue, and secrete mostly mucous (mucous cells) | sublingual
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| this structure connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus | pharynx
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| this area of the pharynx is above the soft palate and provides a passage for air during breathing | nasopharynx
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| this area of the pharynx is behind the mouth and provides a passage for both food and air | oropharynx
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| this area of the pharynx is the passageway from the oropharynx to the esophagus | laryngopharynx
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| this collapsible tube provides a passageway for food from the pharynx, through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm, and into the stomach | esophagus
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| this organ is a pouch under the diaphragm, it can hold up to one liter of food, and it is where protein breakdown begins, food that leaves here is called chyme | stomach
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| this part of the stomach is the temporary storage area | fundus
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| this is the term for the main part of the stomach | body
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| this part of the stomach ends with the pyloric sphincter, which connects the stomach to the duodenum | pyloric region
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| the general term for hydrochloric acid and enzymes that function in the digestive proces, found in the stomach | gastric juices
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| these cells of the stomach secrete mucous, which provides protection from the gastric juices | goblet cells
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| these cells secrete pepsinogen, which combines with hydrochloric acid to produce pepsin, which functions in the breakdown of proteins | chief cells
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| these cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid | parietal cells
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| the exocrine secretion of the pancreas | pancreatic juice
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| this secretion of the pancreas digests carbohydrates, fats, and proteins | pancreatic juice
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| the endocrine secretion of the pancreas | insulin
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| this connects the pancreas to the duodenum | pancreatic duct
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| this is produced by the pancreas; it serves to neutralize the hydrochloric acid that escapes from the stomach to the small intestine | sodium bicarbonate
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| this accessory organ of the digestive system secretes bile | liver
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| this secretion of the liver aids in the absorbtion of lipids, is stored in the gallbladder, and makes possible the absorbtion of cholesterol, fatty acids, and the fat soluble proteins | bile
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| this accessory organ of the digestive system stores bile | gallbladder
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| the general name for the organ of the alimentary canal primarily responisble for digestion and absorbtion of nutrients | small intestine
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| this part of the small intestine is the shortest and most fixed; it contains the common bile duct and pancreatic duct | duodenum
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| this is the middle portion of the small intestine | jejunum
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| this is the last portion of the small intestine and ends at the ileocecal valve | ileum
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| these structures of the small intestine increase the surface area available for digestion and absorbtion, each contains a capillary, a lacteal, and a nerve fiber | villi
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| this organ of the alimentary canal functions primarily in the absorbtion of water from the waste products of digestion, and in storing feces | large intestine
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| this portion of the large intestine is the pouch below the ileocecal opening; the appendix branches off this area | cecum
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| does the appendix have any known digestive function? | no
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| this portion of the large intestine goes from the cecum upward towards the transvers colon | ascending colon
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| this portion of the large intestine connects the ascending colon to the descending colon | transverse colon
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| this portion of the large intestine travels downwards on the left side of the body | descending colon
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| this S-shaped structure connects the descending colon to the rectum | sigmoid colon
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| this structure near the end of the large intestine forms a temporary storage area for feces before defecation | rectum
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| this is the connecting area between the rectum and the anus | anal canal
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| the opening of the anal canal; protected by 2 sphincters | anus
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| pH of less than 7.0 | acid
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| negatively charged ion | anion
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| pH of greater than 7.0 | base (alkali)
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| accepts and relinquishes H+ ions to minimized pH fluctuation | buffer
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| positively charged ion | cation
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| substance that dissolves in solution and conducts electrical current | electrolyte
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| loss of electrons | oxidation
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| the scale of free H+ ions in a solution | pH
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| gain of electrons | reduction
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| what is the role of electrolytes in human physiology | mantains voltages across cell membranes
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| normal ABG pH | 7.35 to 7.45
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| pH range compatible with life | 6.8 to 8.0
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| an increase of free H+ ions in a solution would _______ the pH | decrease
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| a decrease of free H+ ions in a solution would _________ the pH | increase
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| what are the byproducts of aerobic metabolism | CO2 AND H2O
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| what is the byproduct of anaerobic metabolism | C3H6O3 (lactic acid)
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| what organs are primarily responsible for the elimination of lactic acid | kidneys
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| what are the three buffer systems which prevent major pH changes in the body | bicarbonate buffer, phosphate buffer, protein buffer
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| this buffer is the most important in regulating the pH balance of the body, and works in both intracellular and extracellular fliuds | bicarbonate buffer
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| this buffer takes place primarily in the kidney, and works only on intracellular fluid | phosphate buffer
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| this buffer is the most abundant, and works in both intracellular and extracellular fluids | protein buffer
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| pH imbalance caused by a rise in CO2 levels in the blood | respiratory acidosis
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| pH imbalance caused by abnormally low levels of CO2 in the blood | respiratory alkalosis
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| high blood pH caused by a factor other than CO2 levels | metabolic alkalosis
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| low blood pH caused by a factor other than CO2 levels | metabolic acidosis
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| the two regulation systems for blood pH | respiratory, renal
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| this form of pH regulation excretes or witholds H+ or HCO3- based on blood pH, and takes hours to days to cause a change in blood pH | renal regulation
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| this form of pH regulation eliminates or retains CO2 based on blood pH | respiratory regulation
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| a pH of less than 7.35 on an ABG would be considered | acidosis
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| a PH of greater than 7.45 on an ABG would be considered | alkalosis
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| alkalosis along with a PaCO2 of less than 35 on an ABG would be considered | respiratory alkalosis
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| acidosis along with a PaCO2 of greater than 45 on an ABG would be considered | respiratory acidosis
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| acidosis with an HCO3 level of less than 22 would be considered | metabolic acidosis
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| alkalosis with an HCO3 level of greater than 26 would be considered | metabolic alkalosis
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| normal PaCO2 range | 35-45
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| normal HCO3 range | 22-26
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| normal SpO2 range | 95-100
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| microscopic air sac within the lung where gas exchange takes place | alveolus
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| cessation of breathing after expiration | apnea
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| the bronchi and their branches | bronchial tree
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| a primary branch of the trachea | bronchus
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| a small branch of a bronchus within the lung | bronchiole
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| the utilization of oxygen by the cells to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water | cellular respiration
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| ring-shaped mass of cartilage at the base of the larynx | cricoid cartilage
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| difficult or labored breathing | dyspnea
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| normal, quiet breathing | eupnea
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| exchange of gases between alveoli and blood | external respiration
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| prolonged rapid and deep breathing | hyperventilation
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| decrease in respiratory rate, very slow and shallow breathing | hypoventilation
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| deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood | hypoxemia
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| deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues and cells | hypoxia
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| hypoxia because of diminished blood flow | ischemic
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| hypoxia because of diminished RBC's or hemoglobin | anemic
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| exchange of gases between the blood and tissues | internal respiration
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| process of mechanically moving air into and out of the lungs | pulmonary ventilation
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| the entire process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells | respiration
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| one inspiration followed by one expiration | respiratory cycle
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| the force that adheres moist membranes due to the attraction of water molecules | surface tension
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| increased breathing rate | tachypnea
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| structures of the upper respiratory tract | nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, pharynx
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| structures of the lower respiratory tract | trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
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| the main muscle of inspiration | diaphragm
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| accessory muscles of inspiration | pectoralis minor, sternocleomastoid, intercostals
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| inspiration is an _________ process, while expiration is __________ | active, passive
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| the folume of air that is inspired or expired during a normal respiratory cycle | tidal volume
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| the maximum air that can be inspired beyond normal tidal inspiration | inspiratory reserve volume
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| the maximum amount of air that can be expired beyond normal tidal expiration | expiratory reserve volume
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| the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum forced expiration | residual volume
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| the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible | vital capacity
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| vital capacity + residual volume | total lung capacity
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| generally speaking, is breathing a voluntary or involuntary act? | involuntary
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| factors that can caused an increased respiratory rate | fear, anxiety, pain
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| the urge to breathe is stimulated by rising levels of this gas in the blood | carbon dioxide
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| this structure of the brainstem is responsible for the rhythm of breathing | medulla oblongata
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| this structure of the prainstem is responsible for the rate of breathing | pons
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| this reflex regulates the depth of breathing | inflation reflex
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| other than CO2, blood levels of these chemicals can also affect respiration rate | H+, O2
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| the portion of pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture | partial pressure
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| what percentage of O2 in the blood is transported by hemoglobin | 97
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| what percentage of O2 in the blood is dissolved in the plasma | 3
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| higher concentrations of CO2 in the blood cause more or less O2 to be released from the hemoglobin? | more
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| lower blood pH causes more or less O2 to be relased from the hemoglobin | more
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| higher body temperature causes more or less O2 to be released from the hemoglobin | more
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| what form is most CO2 in the blood transported in | bicarbonate ions
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