Natural Hazards & Earth's Waters Notes
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Landslides | large areas of ground movement of rock, earth, or debris that fall, slide, or flow on slopes due to gravity.
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| _______ can occur in any environment given the right conditions of soil, moisture, and the angle of slope | landslides
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| Causes of landslides | rains, floods, earthquakes, and other natural causes, as well as human-made causes such as excessive development or clear-cutting for lumber
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| Effects of landslides | blocking roads, damaging or destroying homes, destroying habitats, or disrupting power lines.
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| Fire is a _______ event in most grassland and forest ecosystems. | natural
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| ______ can be beneficial to the ecosystem and are an essential component in the life cycle of some trees | Fires
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| Causes of Wildfires | naturally through lightning strikes or when humans start them accidentally or intentionally.
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| Effects of Wildfires | ability of some seeds to break open so they can germinate, an increase in air pollution, habitat destruction, or destroying homes or property
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| Flood | an unusually high water stage in which water overflows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land.
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| Regular River Flood | water slowly climbs over the edges of a river
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| Flash Flood | occurs when a wall of water quickly sweeps over an area
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| Factors that contribute to flooding | heavy, intense rainfall; over-saturated soil; high river, stream or reservoir levels caused by unusually large amounts of rain; urbanization, or lots of buildings and parking lots.
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| Effects of flooding | damaging property, endangering humans and animals, or causing soil erosion and deposition of sediment and nutrients and creation of fertile soil.
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| Groundwater | water that soaks into the ground after falling to Earth.
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| Runoff | Water that flows downhill as surface water instead of soaking into the ground
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| Permeable | Soil and rock that allow the water to pass through
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| Zone of aeration | unsaturated layer of soil
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| Zone of saturation | The area where the water has filled all the space in the soil
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| Water table | the top of the zone of saturation
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| Aquifers | Groundwater that flows slowly through the underground rock or be stored in underground layers
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| _____ is naturally purified as it soaks through the soil layers | groundwater
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| Surface-water | runoff that has not soaked into the ground
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| As _____ travels downhill, it forms the water in streams and rivers | runoff
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| Drainage basin | An area that is drained by a river and all the streams that empty into it
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| Watershed | another name for a drainage basin
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| tributaries | another name for streams that empty into rivers
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| Divide | the high ground between two drainage basins
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| By studying a map that contains rivers and marking all the tributaries of that river, the ______ area can be identified | watershed
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| _____ water can erode the land in one location and deposit the sediments in another. | Flowing
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| The ________ of a river may deposit sediment after heavy rains enriching the area with new soil needed for growing vegetation | floodplain
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| The _____ _______ provides the needed water for animal life also | drainage basin
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| _______ may form where the river ends its journey into a still body of water like a lake or the ocean | Deltas
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| Human beings are dependent upon water for __________, not only for drinking but for agriculture and industry as well. | survival
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| Dams have been placed along some rivers in order to produce ____________ power and to offer recreation in the lakes that form behind the dams | hydroelectric
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| Lakes, rivers, and the ocean contain sources of food and __________ | minerals
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| Earth is __% freshwater | 3
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| Since much of the freshwater is in the form of ice, very little is left as “________” freshwater for humans | usable
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