Ch 14
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| When was the Renaissance? | 1350~1550
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| What does Reaissance mean? | rebirth
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| What were 2 developments during the Renaissance? | 1Revival of classical learning/outpouring of great works of art/writings 2Humanism 3Printing press 4Science advancements 5Emphasis on reason
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| What is humanism? | The value of man as an individual, value of mankind, individualistic, critical spirit/skeptical/questioning, emphasism on secular/religion, rejection of supernatural
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| Where was the birthplace of the Renaissance? | Italian Peninsula- crossroads of Mediterranean
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| When people/churches had more money, they tended to ______. | buy more
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| What is the Renaissance? | Philosophical/artistic movement, period during which it flourished, many developments
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| What characterized the Renaissance? | A renewed interest in Greek and Roman literature and life
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| Why was it obvious a new interest would develop in Rome (Renaissance)? | Ruins of the mighty Roman Empire reminded people of the times of Roman glory
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| The tradition of the popes was to keep _____ the capital city | Rome
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| What introduced new ideas and brought Italians into contact with the Byzantine civilization? | The crusades & trade w/ Africa and SW Asia
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| ______ scholars preserved learning from classical Greece and Rome | Byzantine
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| What Arab and African developments were Italian scholars interested in? | Medicine and science
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| Which Italian cities grew rich because of trade and industry? | Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan, Naples
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| Citizens from Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan, and Naples included many ________,_________ merchants | Educated, wealthy
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| The Medici family was from where? | Florence
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| How did the Medici family become rulers of the city-state, Florence? | They became wealthy first as bankers
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| Which Florence leader became a great patron of the arts and influenced Florence's artistic awakening? | Lorenzo Medici
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| When did Italian scholars become interested in classical Greek and Roman literature? | 1300s
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| Medieval scholars studied ancient history to bring everything they learned into harmony with ____________ | Christian doctrine
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| Italian scholars studied the ancient world to ________ | explore its great achievements
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| Italian scholars stressed the study of _______ | grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry, using classical texts
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| Which studies are humanities? | grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry
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| Humanists searched out manuscripts written in _____ & ______ | Greek & Latin
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| Humanists compared different versions of manuscripts written in the same language to determine which was the most _______ | authentic
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| As humanists studied classical manuscripts, they came to believe that it was important to know __________ | how things worked
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| Humanists began to emphasize what? | Education
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| Humanists believed that a person should lead a ______ life | meaningful
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| Humanists believed that a person should become actively involved in __________ such as _________ | Practical affairs such as patronage of the arts
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| Who was Francesco Petrarch? | An Italian, one of the first humanists
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| Who lived during 1304-1374? | Francesco Petrarch
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| Petrarch became famous as a ???? and a ????? | scholar and a teacher
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| Petrarch wrote poems and sonnets to Laura. Who was Laura? | An imaginary ideal woman
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| What is the study of the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans? | Classical education
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| Humanists were deeply committed to __________ | Christian teachings
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| Humanists felt a tension between their committment to the study of ______ and their committment to ________ | ancients/Christianity
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| Common Roman ambition? | Fame
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| Italian humanists believed it is important to lead a ???? and ???? life on earth, even if it means devoting less time to ????? ????? | full/active/spiritual concerns
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| Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? | From Florence, a diplomat and historian
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| Who lived from 1469-1527? | Niccolo Machiavelli
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| When was The Prince written? | 1513
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| Who wrote The Prince? | Niccolo Machiavelli
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| What is The Prince about? | How the government worked (as Machiavelli thought of it)
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| Who was Baldassare Castiglione? | An Italian diplomat and writer
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| When did Baldassare Castiglione live? | 1478-1529
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| Who wrote the most famous book of the Renaissance and what was it called? | Baldassare Castiglione//The Book of the Courtier
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| When was The Book of the Courtier published? | 1528
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| Renaissance painters depicted ______ & ________ human figures in their paintings. | realistic & lifelike
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| Many Renaissance painters- background in paintings = ???? | countryside
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| Who was Sofonisba Anguissola? | A female Renaissance artist
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| Sofonisba Anguissola was best known for her ???? & ???? | self-portraits and portrait of Philip II
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| What is perspective? | A very important technique of painting so painters could make their works lifelike, making distant objects small then close objects, arranging objects in certain ways to create an illusion of depth
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| Who was Giotto and when did he live? | Realist painter//1276-1337
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| Who was Masaccio and when did he live? | Realist painter//1401-1428
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| A fly looked so lifelike in one of Giotto's paintings that an observer ????? | Tried to brush it off
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| Masaccio created depth by using ?? & ?? | light & shadows
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| When was the High Renaissance? | Late 1400s and early 1500s
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| Who was Leonardo da Vinci? | Painter, sculptor, engineer, architect, scientist
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| Who lived from 1452-1519? | Leonardo da Vinci
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| Studies of ___ helped da Vinci to draw _____ | anatomy//the human figure
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| Mathematics helped da Vinci ???? | Organize space in paintings
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| Who painted The Last Supper and Mona Lisa? | Leonardo da Vinci
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| Who was Michelangelo Buonarroti? | A master of Renaissance art
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| When did Michelangelo live? | 1475-1564
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| Who painted on the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel of Vatican? | Michelangelo
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| Michelangelo preferred ?? over ?? | sculpting over painting
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| Besides being an artist, Michelangelo also ??? and ??? helping design??? in ??? | wrote poetry//worked as an architect//St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
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| Italy ... | dominates trade, becomes wealthy, spends money
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| What is urban concentration? | Many cities w/ many people
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| Because of education and literacy... | people began to live together, males had public education, private schooling if enough money
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| Because women usually outlived their husbands.. | they had to learn their trade//business to keep it going when their husbands died
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| Household sizes... | ~3.7 people, small and unstable (more to begin w/ but child deaths..plague)
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| Urban males.. most had a long apprenticeship until they were ?? | 30
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| Apprenticeship males were married/unmarried b/c... | unmarried because they wanted money before they started a family
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| When did urban females marry? | Age 15 to a 30 year old man
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| What was the average life expectancy? | 18
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| When husbands died, the wives had contracts that said... | They had guardianship of their children, ownership of the business, UNLESS they remarried, then they didnt have any of this
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| What is a dowry? | Something the wive's father pays because the wives are a huge expense to the husband
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| If women were unmarried at age 20, they became a ____ | nun
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| The Medici family were interested in ____ | art
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| The Medici children became _____ or married ____ | popes//kings
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| Who was Lorenzo? | Cosmo's grandson
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| Who was Cosmo? | One of the Medici brothers (other is Giovanni)
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| Lorenzo The ??? | Magnificent
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| When was the Golden Age of the Renaissance? | 1449-1492
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| What is the difference between Medieval and Renaissance art? | Medieval: theme-religion, "stiff" Renaissance: portraits (families), "lifelike"
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| Technical Advances | 1Depth (perspective), angles &light- Giotto, 2Study of Anatomy/bodies, 3Oil Paint w/ vibrant colors, great detail, slow 4Frescoes: more permanent
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| Who was Donatello? | the greatest sculptor of the early Renaissance
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| When did Donatello live? | 1386-1466
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| Who sculpted Mary Magdalen & David? | Donatello
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| At age 17, what did Donatello become famous for? | 2 Bronze doors
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| What is a relief sculpture (Donatello) | Cut design into stone and make mold of bronze
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| Was Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance Man? | Yes
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| Who had a love of knowledge and research? | Leonardo da Vinci
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| Who painted the Mona Lisa and the mural, The Last Supper? | Leonardo da Vinci
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| Where did Buonarroti spend most of his life? | Rome
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| Who did the Medici family hire? | Michelangelo
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| Who sculpted the Pieta (1498-1500) (sculpture of Mary holding Jesus after he comes off the cross) | Michelangelo
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| What are Michelangelo's works of art? | Statue of DAvid, Sistene Chapel, Moses, The Last Judgement
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| Who was Raphael? | One of the greatest Renaissance painters
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| Who painted Madonna paintings (pictures of the virgin mary) | Raphael
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| Who painted The School of Athens? | Raphael
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| Raphael was a ________ painter | portrait
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| Who painted the exterior of St. Peters Basilica and David? | Bernini
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| Who painted The Wedding Portrait? | Jan van Eych
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| Who painted portraits of Henry VIII and Sir Thomas Moor | Hans Holbein
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| Hans Holbein was a ______ painter | portrait
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| Other Northern Renaissance Artists | Albrecht Durer, Rembrandt
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| When did Raphael live? | 1483-1520
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| The pope hired _____ to help beautifythe Vatican by painting frescoes in the papal chambers. | Raphael
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| Who lived from 1488-1576? | Titan
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| What is one of Titan's works? | The Assumption of the Virgin, rich colors & drama
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| Who sponsored many of Titan's works? | The Holy Roman Emperor
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| Who was one of the first painters to obtain wealth from their paintings? | Titan
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| What was a remarkable new process that helped ideas spread? | printing
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| Who first started an earlier form of printing? | Chinese
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| What was the Chinese form of printing? | Created a wooden block into which writing or pictures were etched
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| Printers applied ____ into the Chinese block & pressed the block on paper. | ink
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| What is moveable type? | The Chinese learned how to assemble the block from separate pieces, or type, that could be used again and again
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| Who became the first European to use movable type to print books in 1450 in Mainz, Germany? | Johannes Gutenberg
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| Gutenberg developed a printing press on which he printed a number of copies of the Bible between ______ and ______. | 1453/1455
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| Who was the most influential humanist of northern Europe? | Desiderius Erasmus
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| Erasmus was a Dutch ??? | scholar
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| Erasmus lived from ____ to ____. | 1466 to 1536
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| Erasmus believed that in the early years, Christianity existed in harmony with _________ __________. | classical civilization
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| Erasmus argued for the return to the orginal simple message of ______ (Christianity) | Jesus
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| Erasmus believed that scholars made the Christian faith less????? and more ?????. | spiritual//ceremonial
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| What was Erasmus' most famous book? | The Praise of Folly
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| What was The Praise of Folly? | A book by Erasmus that ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice among Christians, critisized fasting, pilgrimages to religious shirines, and the church's interpretation of some parts of the bible.
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| Who was Thomas More? | An English humanist
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| What was Utopia? | Thomas More's book, published in 1516, critisized society by describing an imaginary, ideal society, does not exist
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| Who was William Shakespeare and when did he live? | The most prominent English literary figure of this time period, 1564-1616
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| Shakespeare portrayed personality and human emotions by ________ | making the characters realisitic
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| What was the Flemish School? | The group of parents from Flanders that developed their own distinct style, which was painting oil on canvas
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| Who were brothers Hubert and Jan van Eyck? | part of the Flemish school who paid attention to the details in The Adoration of the Lamb, the altar piece of the cathedral at Ghent
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| Who was one of the most famous Flemish artists? | Pieter Brueghel the Elder
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| Who used his paintings to criticize the intolerance and cruelty he saw around him? | Pieter Brueghel
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| Who was Albrecht Durer? | A German artist who lived from 1471-1528 who was famous for copper engravings and woodcuts
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| Who became on of the first to see the possibilities of printed illustrations in books? | Albrecht Durer
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| What did Hans Holbein the Younger do? | German, traveled throughout Europe to paint portraits of famous people such as Erasmus, Thomas More, and King Henry VIII of England
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| In 1500, several northern humanists suggested that the Roman Catholic Church had lost sight of the ?? ?? proclaimed by Jesus. | spiritual mission
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| Humanists said that popes acted as ??? | political leaders and warriors because they engaged in vice and misconduct
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| Humanists said that churches seemed more interested in ____ than ____. | its income than saving souls
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| What is the Reformation? | a religious revolution where the church ignored the humanist's concerns and many believers withdrawled from the church and gather together with like-minded people, splits church in western Europe
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| Where did the first break of the Roman Catholic church occur? | Germany
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| In Germany, the ??? ??? lay the foundation of the Reformation. | political situation
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| Germany lacked a ??? ??? ??? | strong central government
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| Germany included about ____ independent states. | 300
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| The weak emperor of Germany could not control independent ideas about ??? within the German states or prevent????? | religion//prevent abuses of power by the pope
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| Who continued to rebuild St. Peters Basilica in Rome? | Pope Leo X
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| Who was sent to raise funds in nothern Germany? | Johann Tetzel
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| Tetzel asked people to buy ??? | indulgences
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| What are indulgences? | pardons from punishment for sin
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| Indulgences had originally been a reward for ____________ | exceptionally good deeds
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| Humanists liked/disliked the selling of indulgences because....?? | disliked because they wanted the churches to become more spiritual
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| Where was Martin Luther born? | Saxony
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| Martin Luther planned to become a ??? but became a ??? because... | lawyer/monk/he considered himself a terrible sinner
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| Was Martin Luther comforted by the church's methods for overcoming sin? | NO
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| Martin Luther came to believe... | that ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in saving a sinner, the only thing that counted, Luther felt, was an inner faith in God
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| Luther's beliefs were called ________. | Lutheranism
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| Lutheranism-believed simple faith could lead ________________& that Tetzel committed a grave theological error by asking ___________. | everyone to salvation//poor people to give up their money for false promises of forgiveness
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| What are the 95 theses? | statements about indulgences that Luther posted on the church door at Wittenberg
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| After the 95 theses were posted,.....?? | sales of indulgences decline
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| What happened in 1520? | Luther openly disagreed with many church doctrines
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| What did Luther say in 1520? | Sole religious authority-Bible, popes should not tell a person what to believe, ceremonies did not counteract sins, priests had no special role in helping people to salvation, God viewed all people with faith equally.
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| Luther wrote 3 publications that outlined his doctrienes in ???? | 1520
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| When was Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X? | 1521
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| What was the Imperial Diet? | A special meeting of all rulers of empire at the city of Worms that Luther was forced to go to.
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| What was Luther forced to do at the Imperial Diet? | renounce his ideas, but he refused
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| What happened after Luther refused to renounce his ideas? | The diet of Worms banished him from empire & prohibited sale/printing of his books
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| Did the German emperor enforce the prohibition of the sale/printing of Luther's books? | No
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| Who protected Luther and provided for him a place to hide? | The Elector of Saxony, Frederick the Wise
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| What did Luther do to the New Testament in 1522? | translated into German
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| By 1534, Luther had translated the Bible from Hebrew to ?? | Greek
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| Why were reformers called protestants? | Because princes protested the emperor's tratment of Lutheranism
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| In time, Luther established a new church called ???? | the Lutheran Church
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| what are Lutheran clergy called? | Ministers
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| What 2 sacraments did Luther permit? | Communion and baptism
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| Who attempted to stop the spread of Protestantism? | Charles V
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| What happened in 1546? | Charles V sent his armies against the Protestant princes in Germany for religious & political reasons
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| What/When was the Peace of Augsberg? | Compromise between Charles V and Protestant princes/1555
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| Peace of Augsberg | German ruler had right to choose religion for his state, Subjects had to accept his decision or move away
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| Hundreds of new ???? ???? formed throughout Germany and Switzerland in the 1520s and 1530s. | religious groups(sects)
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| The anabaptists... | believe infants should not receive baptism b/c they don't understand, baptism should be offered only to adults--this believe survives today in Mennonite and HUtterite religious communities
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| Who caused the break between England and the Roman Catholic Church between 1529 and 1536? | King Henry VIII
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| What was King Henry's title for defending the church so well against Luther's ideas? | "Defender of the Faith"
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| Englands break w/ Rome took place b/c ____________ | King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon b/c she did not produce a son
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| Church of England AKA ??? | Anglican Church
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| Who was John Calvin? | A french reformer
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| Who was Huldrych Zwingli? | the vicar at the cathedral in Zurich in the early 1500s
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| Who wrote the Institues of the Christian Religion, the complete set of beliefs of the Protestant religion? | John Calvin
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| Where did Calvinism become the official religion. | Geneva
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| What is predestination | a belief that God had decided, at the beginning of time who would be saved
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| Who emphasized predestination? | John Calvin
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| What is "the elect" | The predestined (chosen beforehand) for salvation people who formed a community who followed high moral standards, which placed an emphasis on devoutness and self-dicipline, possess complete dedication to God's wishes
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| What is theocracy? | a government ruled by a clergy claiming God's authority
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| Laws in Geneva prohibited ?? ?? ?? ?? | dancing, card playing, showy dress, profane language
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| Who are Huguenots? | Converts to Calvinism in France
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| What happened with the Huguenots in 1562? | They defended themselves in a series of bloody wars with the Catholics
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| What is the Edict of Nantes? | A law King Henry IV passed in 1598 that gave Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights
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| Where did Calvinists meet with most success in? | Scotland, Netherlands, Germany
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| What is Puritanism? | A form of Calvinism
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| It took a while for the Catholic church to recognize that ?????? | Protestantism posed a serious threat
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| What/When was the Counter-Reformation? | 1530s. Major reform effort. AKA Catholic Reformation, clarified doctrines of church and pursued agressive campaign against Protestantism.
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| What is the Index of Forbidden Books? | A book that lists the forbidden books Catholics are not allowed to read that were considered harmful to faith or morals.
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| Who established the Index of Forbidden Books? | Pope Paul IV
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| What did Pope Paul III do in 1545? | Summoned church leaders to Trent
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| What did the Council of Trent do? | met in 3 sessions from 1545 to 1563 to define church doctrine w/ same precision Calvin used to define his faith
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| Council of Trent banned.... | sales of indulgences
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| Catholics believed good works.. | gain salvation
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| Who founded the Jesuits in 1534? | Ignatius de Loyola
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| Who wrote Spiritual Exercises? | Ignatius de Loyola
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| According to Loyola, salvation could be acheived by | Self discipline and good deeds
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| Jesuits stressed ?? | education
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| Results of Reformation | Many churches in Western Europe,,new interest in education (universities), reading became important (to read Bible), increase in power in governments,
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| Who was Machiavelli? | a political realist who wrote The Prince, how to get power and hold onto it
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| Machiavelli believed " " | the end justifies the means (the result is the only thing that matters, who cares how you got there)
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| Who wrote The Discoursers? | Machiavelli
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| Who especially believed in the Geocentric model? | Catholics b/c of the way they believed God created the earth
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| Who though of the geocentric model? | Ptolemy
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| Who thought up the heliocentric model? | Copernicus from Poland
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| Who discovered that the planets' orbits are ellipses? | Copernicus from Poland
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| What did Galileo do? | made astronomy advances and studied physics (the law of falling bodies)
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| What is reformation? | change, what the reformers called it , positive change
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| What is revolution? | what the catholics called it, negative change
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| Problems w/in church before Reformation | 1declining church power 2confused spiritual/moral focus 3invention/advancements printing press 4no stress on individual (early reformers)
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| Who was John Wycliffe? | an early reformer, philosopher
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| What is the Egalitarian religion? | you don't need priests/popes, you can have a relationship w/ Lord on your own
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| What is transubstantiation? | When wafer/bread eaten-it becomes body of Jesus, same w/ wine
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| Who was Jan Hus? | Bohemian w/ same ideas as John Wycliffe
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| The 95 theses were written in ???...anyone who could read/went to education discussion w/ luther...?? | Latin/was educated
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| Luther vs. church | 1"man is saved by faith not works"-luther 2religious authority is word of God in bible 3christians = in eyes of God 4popes' abuse to power 5reduction of sacraments 6church service in common language 7communion(church-only priests get wine) 8priests marry
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| At the Diet of Worms, Luther said | "Her i stand, i can do no other"
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| Luther vs. Calvin | 1C-Predestination 2C-Strict MOral Code 3Social Conscience different
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| Henry's Wives | 1Catherine of Aragon 2Anne Boleyn 3Jane Seymor 4Anne of Cleves 5Catherine HOward 6Catherine Parr
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| Henry + Catherine of Aragon = | 6 kids, 5 die, Mary is left
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| Henry + Anne Boleyn= | Elizabeth, son dies
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| What is the Act of Supremacy | Since the monarch is the head of the church (Henry) he can divorce Catherine of Aragon
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| Henry +Jane Seymor= | Edward, but Jane dies
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| When does Henry die? | 1547
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| Tactic of Catholic Reformation | 1Appoint devout spiritual church leaders 2reintroduction of inquisitions 3Index of Forbidden Books 4Council of Trent
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| Impact of Reformation | 1religious 2political 3individual=none!
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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