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West civ
Ch 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When was the Renaissance? | 1350~1550 |
| What does Reaissance mean? | rebirth |
| What were 2 developments during the Renaissance? | 1Revival of classical learning/outpouring of great works of art/writings 2Humanism 3Printing press 4Science advancements 5Emphasis on reason |
| What is humanism? | The value of man as an individual, value of mankind, individualistic, critical spirit/skeptical/questioning, emphasism on secular/religion, rejection of supernatural |
| Where was the birthplace of the Renaissance? | Italian Peninsula- crossroads of Mediterranean |
| When people/churches had more money, they tended to ______. | buy more |
| What is the Renaissance? | Philosophical/artistic movement, period during which it flourished, many developments |
| What characterized the Renaissance? | A renewed interest in Greek and Roman literature and life |
| Why was it obvious a new interest would develop in Rome (Renaissance)? | Ruins of the mighty Roman Empire reminded people of the times of Roman glory |
| The tradition of the popes was to keep _____ the capital city | Rome |
| What introduced new ideas and brought Italians into contact with the Byzantine civilization? | The crusades & trade w/ Africa and SW Asia |
| ______ scholars preserved learning from classical Greece and Rome | Byzantine |
| What Arab and African developments were Italian scholars interested in? | Medicine and science |
| Which Italian cities grew rich because of trade and industry? | Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan, Naples |
| Citizens from Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan, and Naples included many ________,_________ merchants | Educated, wealthy |
| The Medici family was from where? | Florence |
| How did the Medici family become rulers of the city-state, Florence? | They became wealthy first as bankers |
| Which Florence leader became a great patron of the arts and influenced Florence's artistic awakening? | Lorenzo Medici |
| When did Italian scholars become interested in classical Greek and Roman literature? | 1300s |
| Medieval scholars studied ancient history to bring everything they learned into harmony with ____________ | Christian doctrine |
| Italian scholars studied the ancient world to ________ | explore its great achievements |
| Italian scholars stressed the study of _______ | grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry, using classical texts |
| Which studies are humanities? | grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry |
| Humanists searched out manuscripts written in _____ & ______ | Greek & Latin |
| Humanists compared different versions of manuscripts written in the same language to determine which was the most _______ | authentic |
| As humanists studied classical manuscripts, they came to believe that it was important to know __________ | how things worked |
| Humanists began to emphasize what? | Education |
| Humanists believed that a person should lead a ______ life | meaningful |
| Humanists believed that a person should become actively involved in __________ such as _________ | Practical affairs such as patronage of the arts |
| Who was Francesco Petrarch? | An Italian, one of the first humanists |
| Who lived during 1304-1374? | Francesco Petrarch |
| Petrarch became famous as a ???? and a ????? | scholar and a teacher |
| Petrarch wrote poems and sonnets to Laura. Who was Laura? | An imaginary ideal woman |
| What is the study of the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans? | Classical education |
| Humanists were deeply committed to __________ | Christian teachings |
| Humanists felt a tension between their committment to the study of ______ and their committment to ________ | ancients/Christianity |
| Common Roman ambition? | Fame |
| Italian humanists believed it is important to lead a ???? and ???? life on earth, even if it means devoting less time to ????? ????? | full/active/spiritual concerns |
| Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? | From Florence, a diplomat and historian |
| Who lived from 1469-1527? | Niccolo Machiavelli |
| When was The Prince written? | 1513 |
| Who wrote The Prince? | Niccolo Machiavelli |
| What is The Prince about? | How the government worked (as Machiavelli thought of it) |
| Who was Baldassare Castiglione? | An Italian diplomat and writer |
| When did Baldassare Castiglione live? | 1478-1529 |
| Who wrote the most famous book of the Renaissance and what was it called? | Baldassare Castiglione//The Book of the Courtier |
| When was The Book of the Courtier published? | 1528 |
| Renaissance painters depicted ______ & ________ human figures in their paintings. | realistic & lifelike |
| Many Renaissance painters- background in paintings = ???? | countryside |
| Who was Sofonisba Anguissola? | A female Renaissance artist |
| Sofonisba Anguissola was best known for her ???? & ???? | self-portraits and portrait of Philip II |
| What is perspective? | A very important technique of painting so painters could make their works lifelike, making distant objects small then close objects, arranging objects in certain ways to create an illusion of depth |
| Who was Giotto and when did he live? | Realist painter//1276-1337 |
| Who was Masaccio and when did he live? | Realist painter//1401-1428 |
| A fly looked so lifelike in one of Giotto's paintings that an observer ????? | Tried to brush it off |
| Masaccio created depth by using ?? & ?? | light & shadows |
| When was the High Renaissance? | Late 1400s and early 1500s |
| Who was Leonardo da Vinci? | Painter, sculptor, engineer, architect, scientist |
| Who lived from 1452-1519? | Leonardo da Vinci |
| Studies of ___ helped da Vinci to draw _____ | anatomy//the human figure |
| Mathematics helped da Vinci ???? | Organize space in paintings |
| Who painted The Last Supper and Mona Lisa? | Leonardo da Vinci |
| Who was Michelangelo Buonarroti? | A master of Renaissance art |
| When did Michelangelo live? | 1475-1564 |
| Who painted on the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel of Vatican? | Michelangelo |
| Michelangelo preferred ?? over ?? | sculpting over painting |
| Besides being an artist, Michelangelo also ??? and ??? helping design??? in ??? | wrote poetry//worked as an architect//St. Peter's Basilica in Rome |
| Italy ... | dominates trade, becomes wealthy, spends money |
| What is urban concentration? | Many cities w/ many people |
| Because of education and literacy... | people began to live together, males had public education, private schooling if enough money |
| Because women usually outlived their husbands.. | they had to learn their trade//business to keep it going when their husbands died |
| Household sizes... | ~3.7 people, small and unstable (more to begin w/ but child deaths..plague) |
| Urban males.. most had a long apprenticeship until they were ?? | 30 |
| Apprenticeship males were married/unmarried b/c... | unmarried because they wanted money before they started a family |
| When did urban females marry? | Age 15 to a 30 year old man |
| What was the average life expectancy? | 18 |
| When husbands died, the wives had contracts that said... | They had guardianship of their children, ownership of the business, UNLESS they remarried, then they didnt have any of this |
| What is a dowry? | Something the wive's father pays because the wives are a huge expense to the husband |
| If women were unmarried at age 20, they became a ____ | nun |
| The Medici family were interested in ____ | art |
| The Medici children became _____ or married ____ | popes//kings |
| Who was Lorenzo? | Cosmo's grandson |
| Who was Cosmo? | One of the Medici brothers (other is Giovanni) |
| Lorenzo The ??? | Magnificent |
| When was the Golden Age of the Renaissance? | 1449-1492 |
| What is the difference between Medieval and Renaissance art? | Medieval: theme-religion, "stiff" Renaissance: portraits (families), "lifelike" |
| Technical Advances | 1Depth (perspective), angles &light- Giotto, 2Study of Anatomy/bodies, 3Oil Paint w/ vibrant colors, great detail, slow 4Frescoes: more permanent |
| Who was Donatello? | the greatest sculptor of the early Renaissance |
| When did Donatello live? | 1386-1466 |
| Who sculpted Mary Magdalen & David? | Donatello |
| At age 17, what did Donatello become famous for? | 2 Bronze doors |
| What is a relief sculpture (Donatello) | Cut design into stone and make mold of bronze |
| Was Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance Man? | Yes |
| Who had a love of knowledge and research? | Leonardo da Vinci |
| Who painted the Mona Lisa and the mural, The Last Supper? | Leonardo da Vinci |
| Where did Buonarroti spend most of his life? | Rome |
| Who did the Medici family hire? | Michelangelo |
| Who sculpted the Pieta (1498-1500) (sculpture of Mary holding Jesus after he comes off the cross) | Michelangelo |
| What are Michelangelo's works of art? | Statue of DAvid, Sistene Chapel, Moses, The Last Judgement |
| Who was Raphael? | One of the greatest Renaissance painters |
| Who painted Madonna paintings (pictures of the virgin mary) | Raphael |
| Who painted The School of Athens? | Raphael |
| Raphael was a ________ painter | portrait |
| Who painted the exterior of St. Peters Basilica and David? | Bernini |
| Who painted The Wedding Portrait? | Jan van Eych |
| Who painted portraits of Henry VIII and Sir Thomas Moor | Hans Holbein |
| Hans Holbein was a ______ painter | portrait |
| Other Northern Renaissance Artists | Albrecht Durer, Rembrandt |
| When did Raphael live? | 1483-1520 |
| The pope hired _____ to help beautifythe Vatican by painting frescoes in the papal chambers. | Raphael |
| Who lived from 1488-1576? | Titan |
| What is one of Titan's works? | The Assumption of the Virgin, rich colors & drama |
| Who sponsored many of Titan's works? | The Holy Roman Emperor |
| Who was one of the first painters to obtain wealth from their paintings? | Titan |
| What was a remarkable new process that helped ideas spread? | printing |
| Who first started an earlier form of printing? | Chinese |
| What was the Chinese form of printing? | Created a wooden block into which writing or pictures were etched |
| Printers applied ____ into the Chinese block & pressed the block on paper. | ink |
| What is moveable type? | The Chinese learned how to assemble the block from separate pieces, or type, that could be used again and again |
| Who became the first European to use movable type to print books in 1450 in Mainz, Germany? | Johannes Gutenberg |
| Gutenberg developed a printing press on which he printed a number of copies of the Bible between ______ and ______. | 1453/1455 |
| Who was the most influential humanist of northern Europe? | Desiderius Erasmus |
| Erasmus was a Dutch ??? | scholar |
| Erasmus lived from ____ to ____. | 1466 to 1536 |
| Erasmus believed that in the early years, Christianity existed in harmony with _________ __________. | classical civilization |
| Erasmus argued for the return to the orginal simple message of ______ (Christianity) | Jesus |
| Erasmus believed that scholars made the Christian faith less????? and more ?????. | spiritual//ceremonial |
| What was Erasmus' most famous book? | The Praise of Folly |
| What was The Praise of Folly? | A book by Erasmus that ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice among Christians, critisized fasting, pilgrimages to religious shirines, and the church's interpretation of some parts of the bible. |
| Who was Thomas More? | An English humanist |
| What was Utopia? | Thomas More's book, published in 1516, critisized society by describing an imaginary, ideal society, does not exist |
| Who was William Shakespeare and when did he live? | The most prominent English literary figure of this time period, 1564-1616 |
| Shakespeare portrayed personality and human emotions by ________ | making the characters realisitic |
| What was the Flemish School? | The group of parents from Flanders that developed their own distinct style, which was painting oil on canvas |
| Who were brothers Hubert and Jan van Eyck? | part of the Flemish school who paid attention to the details in The Adoration of the Lamb, the altar piece of the cathedral at Ghent |
| Who was one of the most famous Flemish artists? | Pieter Brueghel the Elder |
| Who used his paintings to criticize the intolerance and cruelty he saw around him? | Pieter Brueghel |
| Who was Albrecht Durer? | A German artist who lived from 1471-1528 who was famous for copper engravings and woodcuts |
| Who became on of the first to see the possibilities of printed illustrations in books? | Albrecht Durer |
| What did Hans Holbein the Younger do? | German, traveled throughout Europe to paint portraits of famous people such as Erasmus, Thomas More, and King Henry VIII of England |
| In 1500, several northern humanists suggested that the Roman Catholic Church had lost sight of the ?? ?? proclaimed by Jesus. | spiritual mission |
| Humanists said that popes acted as ??? | political leaders and warriors because they engaged in vice and misconduct |
| Humanists said that churches seemed more interested in ____ than ____. | its income than saving souls |
| What is the Reformation? | a religious revolution where the church ignored the humanist's concerns and many believers withdrawled from the church and gather together with like-minded people, splits church in western Europe |
| Where did the first break of the Roman Catholic church occur? | Germany |
| In Germany, the ??? ??? lay the foundation of the Reformation. | political situation |
| Germany lacked a ??? ??? ??? | strong central government |
| Germany included about ____ independent states. | 300 |
| The weak emperor of Germany could not control independent ideas about ??? within the German states or prevent????? | religion//prevent abuses of power by the pope |
| Who continued to rebuild St. Peters Basilica in Rome? | Pope Leo X |
| Who was sent to raise funds in nothern Germany? | Johann Tetzel |
| Tetzel asked people to buy ??? | indulgences |
| What are indulgences? | pardons from punishment for sin |
| Indulgences had originally been a reward for ____________ | exceptionally good deeds |
| Humanists liked/disliked the selling of indulgences because....?? | disliked because they wanted the churches to become more spiritual |
| Where was Martin Luther born? | Saxony |
| Martin Luther planned to become a ??? but became a ??? because... | lawyer/monk/he considered himself a terrible sinner |
| Was Martin Luther comforted by the church's methods for overcoming sin? | NO |
| Martin Luther came to believe... | that ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in saving a sinner, the only thing that counted, Luther felt, was an inner faith in God |
| Luther's beliefs were called ________. | Lutheranism |
| Lutheranism-believed simple faith could lead ________________& that Tetzel committed a grave theological error by asking ___________. | everyone to salvation//poor people to give up their money for false promises of forgiveness |
| What are the 95 theses? | statements about indulgences that Luther posted on the church door at Wittenberg |
| After the 95 theses were posted,.....?? | sales of indulgences decline |
| What happened in 1520? | Luther openly disagreed with many church doctrines |
| What did Luther say in 1520? | Sole religious authority-Bible, popes should not tell a person what to believe, ceremonies did not counteract sins, priests had no special role in helping people to salvation, God viewed all people with faith equally. |
| Luther wrote 3 publications that outlined his doctrienes in ???? | 1520 |
| When was Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X? | 1521 |
| What was the Imperial Diet? | A special meeting of all rulers of empire at the city of Worms that Luther was forced to go to. |
| What was Luther forced to do at the Imperial Diet? | renounce his ideas, but he refused |
| What happened after Luther refused to renounce his ideas? | The diet of Worms banished him from empire & prohibited sale/printing of his books |
| Did the German emperor enforce the prohibition of the sale/printing of Luther's books? | No |
| Who protected Luther and provided for him a place to hide? | The Elector of Saxony, Frederick the Wise |
| What did Luther do to the New Testament in 1522? | translated into German |
| By 1534, Luther had translated the Bible from Hebrew to ?? | Greek |
| Why were reformers called protestants? | Because princes protested the emperor's tratment of Lutheranism |
| In time, Luther established a new church called ???? | the Lutheran Church |
| what are Lutheran clergy called? | Ministers |
| What 2 sacraments did Luther permit? | Communion and baptism |
| Who attempted to stop the spread of Protestantism? | Charles V |
| What happened in 1546? | Charles V sent his armies against the Protestant princes in Germany for religious & political reasons |
| What/When was the Peace of Augsberg? | Compromise between Charles V and Protestant princes/1555 |
| Peace of Augsberg | German ruler had right to choose religion for his state, Subjects had to accept his decision or move away |
| Hundreds of new ???? ???? formed throughout Germany and Switzerland in the 1520s and 1530s. | religious groups(sects) |
| The anabaptists... | believe infants should not receive baptism b/c they don't understand, baptism should be offered only to adults--this believe survives today in Mennonite and HUtterite religious communities |
| Who caused the break between England and the Roman Catholic Church between 1529 and 1536? | King Henry VIII |
| What was King Henry's title for defending the church so well against Luther's ideas? | "Defender of the Faith" |
| Englands break w/ Rome took place b/c ____________ | King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon b/c she did not produce a son |
| Church of England AKA ??? | Anglican Church |
| Who was John Calvin? | A french reformer |
| Who was Huldrych Zwingli? | the vicar at the cathedral in Zurich in the early 1500s |
| Who wrote the Institues of the Christian Religion, the complete set of beliefs of the Protestant religion? | John Calvin |
| Where did Calvinism become the official religion. | Geneva |
| What is predestination | a belief that God had decided, at the beginning of time who would be saved |
| Who emphasized predestination? | John Calvin |
| What is "the elect" | The predestined (chosen beforehand) for salvation people who formed a community who followed high moral standards, which placed an emphasis on devoutness and self-dicipline, possess complete dedication to God's wishes |
| What is theocracy? | a government ruled by a clergy claiming God's authority |
| Laws in Geneva prohibited ?? ?? ?? ?? | dancing, card playing, showy dress, profane language |
| Who are Huguenots? | Converts to Calvinism in France |
| What happened with the Huguenots in 1562? | They defended themselves in a series of bloody wars with the Catholics |
| What is the Edict of Nantes? | A law King Henry IV passed in 1598 that gave Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights |
| Where did Calvinists meet with most success in? | Scotland, Netherlands, Germany |
| What is Puritanism? | A form of Calvinism |
| It took a while for the Catholic church to recognize that ?????? | Protestantism posed a serious threat |
| What/When was the Counter-Reformation? | 1530s. Major reform effort. AKA Catholic Reformation, clarified doctrines of church and pursued agressive campaign against Protestantism. |
| What is the Index of Forbidden Books? | A book that lists the forbidden books Catholics are not allowed to read that were considered harmful to faith or morals. |
| Who established the Index of Forbidden Books? | Pope Paul IV |
| What did Pope Paul III do in 1545? | Summoned church leaders to Trent |
| What did the Council of Trent do? | met in 3 sessions from 1545 to 1563 to define church doctrine w/ same precision Calvin used to define his faith |
| Council of Trent banned.... | sales of indulgences |
| Catholics believed good works.. | gain salvation |
| Who founded the Jesuits in 1534? | Ignatius de Loyola |
| Who wrote Spiritual Exercises? | Ignatius de Loyola |
| According to Loyola, salvation could be acheived by | Self discipline and good deeds |
| Jesuits stressed ?? | education |
| Results of Reformation | Many churches in Western Europe,,new interest in education (universities), reading became important (to read Bible), increase in power in governments, |
| Who was Machiavelli? | a political realist who wrote The Prince, how to get power and hold onto it |
| Machiavelli believed " " | the end justifies the means (the result is the only thing that matters, who cares how you got there) |
| Who wrote The Discoursers? | Machiavelli |
| Who especially believed in the Geocentric model? | Catholics b/c of the way they believed God created the earth |
| Who though of the geocentric model? | Ptolemy |
| Who thought up the heliocentric model? | Copernicus from Poland |
| Who discovered that the planets' orbits are ellipses? | Copernicus from Poland |
| What did Galileo do? | made astronomy advances and studied physics (the law of falling bodies) |
| What is reformation? | change, what the reformers called it , positive change |
| What is revolution? | what the catholics called it, negative change |
| Problems w/in church before Reformation | 1declining church power 2confused spiritual/moral focus 3invention/advancements printing press 4no stress on individual (early reformers) |
| Who was John Wycliffe? | an early reformer, philosopher |
| What is the Egalitarian religion? | you don't need priests/popes, you can have a relationship w/ Lord on your own |
| What is transubstantiation? | When wafer/bread eaten-it becomes body of Jesus, same w/ wine |
| Who was Jan Hus? | Bohemian w/ same ideas as John Wycliffe |
| The 95 theses were written in ???...anyone who could read/went to education discussion w/ luther...?? | Latin/was educated |
| Luther vs. church | 1"man is saved by faith not works"-luther 2religious authority is word of God in bible 3christians = in eyes of God 4popes' abuse to power 5reduction of sacraments 6church service in common language 7communion(church-only priests get wine) 8priests marry |
| At the Diet of Worms, Luther said | "Her i stand, i can do no other" |
| Luther vs. Calvin | 1C-Predestination 2C-Strict MOral Code 3Social Conscience different |
| Henry's Wives | 1Catherine of Aragon 2Anne Boleyn 3Jane Seymor 4Anne of Cleves 5Catherine HOward 6Catherine Parr |
| Henry + Catherine of Aragon = | 6 kids, 5 die, Mary is left |
| Henry + Anne Boleyn= | Elizabeth, son dies |
| What is the Act of Supremacy | Since the monarch is the head of the church (Henry) he can divorce Catherine of Aragon |
| Henry +Jane Seymor= | Edward, but Jane dies |
| When does Henry die? | 1547 |
| Tactic of Catholic Reformation | 1Appoint devout spiritual church leaders 2reintroduction of inquisitions 3Index of Forbidden Books 4Council of Trent |
| Impact of Reformation | 1religious 2political 3individual=none! |
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