Science 6 Quarter 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| attract | to draw towards itself
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| repel | to draw away from
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| polar molecule | a molecule that has electrically charged areas
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| adhesion | the attraction of water molecules to different substances
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| cohesion | the attraction of one water molecule to another water molecule
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| surface tension | the tightness across the surface of water caused by the polar water molecules pulling on each other.
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| capillary action | the combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials.
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| dissolve | to make or become into a solution or liquid
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| solvent | the part of the solution present in the largest amount and dissolves a substance (solute)
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| water vapor | the invisible, gaseous form of water
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| density | the amount of mass in a given space; mass per unit volume
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| water cycle | the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back, passing through the living and nonliving parts of the environment
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| contamination | to make impure by contact or pollution
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| evaporation | the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to a gaseous state
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| condensation | the process by which a gas changes to a liquid
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| solute | the part of the solution in a lesser amount and is being dissolved
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| What is water made up of? | Two (positively charged) hydrogen atoms & 1 (negatively charged) oxygen atom
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| Why is water considered a polar substance? | Water molecules have electrically charged areas
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| What property allows fish in a lake to survive winter's freezing temperatures? | Ice floats because it is less dense than water. Fish live in water below the ice.
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| What happens ot the molecules of water vapor when the temperature of the gas cools to 100 degrees C | Water molecules slow down and begin to change back to a liquid state.
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| Why is water often called the "universal solvent"? | Water can dissolve so mnay substances.
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| specific heat | that amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a certain amout of substance by 1 degree C.
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| suspension | A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separted by settling or filtration
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| solution | A mixture in which the particles cannot be separated by settling or filtration
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| colloid | A mixture in which the particles are undissolved but do not settle out
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| What is the source of energy that drives the water cycle? | the sun
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| How much of the earth's water is salt water? | 97%
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| Where is freshwater found on earth? | ice, ground water, lakes & rivers, water vapor
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| Evaporation | Process in which molecules absorb enough energy to change into gas
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| Transpiration | The process in which plants loss water vapor through opennings in the leaves
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| Condesation | The process by which a gas changes to a liquid (process that forms clouds_
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| Precipitation | Any water that falls to earth including rain, sleet, snow, hail
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| How long do water molecules stay in the atmosphere? | 10 days
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| Where does water evaporate? | oceans, lakes, skin & plants
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| irrigation | the process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.
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| What are the uses of water? | agricultures, household uses, industry, tranporation, and recreation
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| runoff | water that flows under the ground
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| Where does drinking water come from? | rivers, lakes, reservoirs or aquifers *must be treated & purified
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| How can water be conservered? | reducing water use, recycling water, reusing water, sprinkler or drip irrigation systems
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| salinity | the total amount of dissolved salts in water
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| How is ocean water different form fresh water? | ocean water freezes at a lower temperature & is more dense & more buoyancy.
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| What are currents? | large streams of moving water that flow through oceans
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| How do currents affect climate? | A surface current warms or cools that air above it, influencing the climate of the land near the coast
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| hydroelectric power | electricity produced by the kinetic energy of water movign over a waterfall or a dam
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| kinetic energy | the form of energy that an object has when it is moving
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| potential energy | the form of energy that is stored and waiting to be used
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| Benefits of hydroeletric power | clean, safe, efficient, naturally renewed
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| Disadvantages of hydroelectirc power | expensive to staart, affects all living things in area around plant
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| conservation | using a resource wisely so that is will not be used up
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| filtration | process of passing water through a series of screens that allows the water through but not large solid particles (first step in water treatment)
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| weathering | process that breakes down rock and other substances at Earth's surface
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| erosion | the movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice, or gravity
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| mechanical weathering | type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces
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| How does mechanical weathering occur? | freezing and thawing, release of pressure, growth of plants, action of animals, abrasion
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| ice wedging | watger expands whne is freezes and acts as a wedge
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| abrasion | rock particles carried by wind, water and ice can wear away rocks
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| chemical weathering | process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
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| agents of chemical weathering | water, oxgyen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, acid rain
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| What are the most important facors that determine the rate of weathering? | type of rock and type of climate
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| permeable | full of air spaces that allow water to seep through it
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| weather | the conditions of the Earth's atmosphere at a particular place and time
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| atmosphere | layres of gases that surrounds Earth
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| Why the the atmosphere important to living thigs? | Atmosphere contains oxygen & other gases, traps energy from sun, keeps Earth warm so that water is abundant in a liquid state
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| What two gases are the most abundant in the atmosphere? | nitrogen & oxygen
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| air pollution | change to the atmosphere that has harmful effects.
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| emissions | particles and gases that are released into the air
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| photochemical smog | thick, brownish haze formed when certain gases in the air react with sunlight. *major source of gases: cars & trucks
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| temperature inversion | layer of warm air prevents the rising air from escaping. The polluted air is trapped close to Earth's surface.
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| acid rain | precipitation that is more acidic than normal (caused by burning of coal & oil gases released in air from factories & power plants that return in Earth's surface with precipitation).
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| ozone layer | layer of the upper atmosphere about 30 kilometers above Earth's surface. This layer protects people from the effects of too much ultraviolet radiation.
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| greenhouse effect | trapping of heat near Earth's surface. This theory predicts that an increase in carbon dioxide will cause Earth's average temperature to rise
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| Causes of Air Pollution | Natural Events (volcanic eruptions & forest fires)& Human Activities (vehicle exhaust, industry/factory, construction, power plants, products with CFSs)
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| Effect of Air Pollution on Humans | reppiratory problems, allergies, watery eyes, nerve damage, cancer
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| air pressure | the result of the weight of a column of air pusshign down on an area
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| barometer | instrument that measures changes in air pressure
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| 2 types of barometers | mercury barometer & aneroid barometer
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| units for air pressure | inches of mercury or millibars
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| altitude | elevation or distance above sea level
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| As air pressure decreases... | altitude increases
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| properties of air | mass, density, pressure, volume & temperature
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| 4 main layers of the amtosphere | troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
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| troposphere | inner or lowest layer to Earth's surface; weather occurs here, dnsest layers, where life exists, contains 99% of water vapor in atmosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases
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| stratosphere | continas ozone layer, dry and less dense, temperature increases as altitude increases
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| mesosphere | shooting stars burn up here, temperature decreases as altitude increases
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| thermosphere | divided into two layers: inosphere & exosphere
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| ionosphere | Lower layer of thermosphere, contain Northern Lights
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| Exosphere | outer layer of thermosphere, satellites orbit in this layer
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| What are winds caused by? | Differences in air pressure
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| humidity | measurement of the amount of water vapro in the air
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| relative humidity | the percentage of water vapor in teh air compared to the maximum amout that air could hold
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| How is humidity measured? | psychrometer (two thermometers, a wet-bulb & dry-bulb)
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| Cumulus Clouds | clouds that look like fluffy, round piles of clouds; associated with fair weather
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| Stratus Clouds | clouds taht form in flat layers weather: as they thicken drizzle, rain or snow
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| Cirrus Clouds | wispy, feathery clouds Weather: storm is on its way
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| drought | logn periods of low precipitation
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| rain | water droplets at least .5mm in diameter
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| sleet | ice particesl smaller than 5 mmm in diameter (freeze in air)
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| freezing rain | rain that freezes on cold surface
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| hail | ice pellets larger than 5 mm in diameter
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| snow | ice crystals
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| What is needed for precipitation to occur? | cloud droplets or ice crystals must grwo heavy enougth to fall through the air
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| temperature | the average amount of energy of motion fo each molecule of a substance
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| How is air temperature measured | thermometer
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| thunderstorm | storm with heavy rainfall accompanied by thunder and lightening (formed by cumulonimbus clouds)
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| tornado | rapidly whirling, funnel-shaped cloud that raches down from storm cloud to touch Earth's surface (develops in low, heavy cumulonimbus clouds)
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| hurricane | topricla storm that has winds of 119 km per hour or higher. Begins over warm water as a low-pressure area
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| natual factors that affect temperature | latitude, altitude, distance from large bodies of water, ocean currents
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| natural factors that affect precipitation in a region | pevailing winds, mountain ranges
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| air mass | a huge body of air that has similar temperature
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| cold front | a rapidly moving cold air mass runs into a slowly moving war air mass
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| warm front | a moving warm air mass collides with a slowly moving cold air mass
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| stationary front | a cold air mass and warm air mass meet and reamin stalled over an area
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| occluded front | a war air mass is caught between two cooler air masses
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