Motor Systems and Tracts
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| The Primary Motor Cortex is | Brodmann's area 4
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| Brodmann's area 4 includes the ____ on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere. | precentral gyrus
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| Brodmann's area 4 includes the ____ on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. | paracentral lobule
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| The axons of the pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex extend down through the internal capsule and synapse with | either motor nuclei of the brainstem or ventral horn cells of the spinal cord
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| Axons from the motor cortex have ____ in the head and larynx | bilateral representation
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| explain bilateral representation of the motor cortex concerning the head and larynx | each motor cortex sends axons to the motor nuclei going to the head & laryngeal muscles on both right & left sides.
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| The muscles each cortical column activates are | synergistic: they work together to produce coordinated movement
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| Stimulating a single cortical neuron in primary motor cortex can ____ tone in a group of flexor muscles at a joint and ____ tone in the antagonists of these muscles. | increase tone in the flexors while decreasing tone in the antagonists
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| The ____ is located anterior to the upper part of the precentral gyrus. | premotor cortex aka Brodmann's area 6
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| The supplementary motor cortex is located on the ______. | medial surface of the frontal lobe
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| Why are the premotor and supplementary motor cortices important? | They program movements that require a complex sequence of muscles (speech)
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| Before the motor cortices send info to the brainstem & spinal cord, they coordinate with the: | basal ganglia and the cerebellum
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| The motor cortices send axons to the ____ & ____ (parts of basal ganglia). | caudate, putamen
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| The caudate and putamen synapse with neurons of the ____. | globus pallidus
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| The globus pallidus sends axons to two thalamic nuclei, the ____ and ____. | ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus.
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| Thalamic nuclei send axons via the ____ & ____ back to the motor cortices. | internal capsule & corona radiata
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| Lesions on the basal ganglia, subthalamic nucleus, or substantia nigra result in | abnormal motor behavior, involuntary movements that cannot be controlled
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| Describe Parkinson's Disease | Substantia nigra affected;
hypertonic rigid muscles
tremors in extremities (hands)
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| Describe Huntington's Disease (a chorea "dancing" disease) | caudate, putamen, or globus pallidus affected;
jerky purposeless movements in distal extremeties
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| Describe Athetosis Syndrome | caudate and putamen affected;
muscle spasms, involuntary writhing
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| Describe Ballismus Syndrome | subthalamic nucleus affected;
hyper tonic muscles,
powerful uncontrollable flailing resulting in broken bones
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| Describe bradykinesia | a slowness of movement and difficulty in both starting and ending movement associated with Parkinson's
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| What are the 2 primary roles of the basal ganglia? | 1. communicate with the cerebral cortex
2. facilitate wanted movements and inhibit unwanted movements
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| The cerebral cortex interacts with the cerebellum to produce ____ movements. | smooth, synergistic (coordinated) movements
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| Axons of the pyramidal cells in the motor cortices project down through the ____ & ____ on their way toward the cerebellum. | internal capsule and cerebral peduncle
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| Pyramidal cells of the motor cortices project axons to the ____ (on way to cerebellum). | pontine nuclei
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| Axons from the pontine nuclei project across the midline by way of the ____ to the the opposite cerebellar cortex. | middle cerebellar peduncle
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| Axons from the pontine nuclei synapse directly on ____ neurons. | cerebellar cortical neurons
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| The cerebellar cortex processes the infor and sends it to the ____. | deep cerebellar nuclei.
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| Information leaves the cerebellum via the _____ and projects to the ventral anterior and ____ of the thalamus. | superior cerebellar peduncle,
ventral lateral nuclei
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| The ____ neurons carry information to the motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal cord. | upper motor neurons
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| The ____ neurons carry information from the motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal cord to the skeletal muscles. | lower motor neurons
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| ____ send their axons directly to spinal cord motor nuclei. | Corticospinal neurons
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| The ____ pathway is a motor pathway from motor cortices, through the red nucleus, to the spinal cord | cortico-rubro-spinal
(dashes for emphasis)
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| Corticospinal and coticrubrospinal pathways project to the | spinal cord
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| Corticobulbar pathways project to the | brainstem
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| Damage to upper motor neurons results in ____. | Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome
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| Describe Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome | voltional motor activity is impaired (speech). Muscles lose input from cerebral cortex and become hypertonic.
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| Describe Spastic Dysarthria | bilateral damage to primary motor cortex
poor articulation
strained voice
low pitch
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| ____ are neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord whose axons go directly to skeletal muscles. | lower motor neurons
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| Lower motor neurons are alpha and gamma motor neurons whose axons constitute the ____ of motor activity. | final common pathway
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| Define final common pathway | out of the CNS by way of peripheral nerves directly to the muscles
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| All of the muscles that participate in speech production are activated by ____. | lower motor neurons
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| Speech is (more,less) affected by damage to lower motor neurons than upper motor neurons. | more
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| Describe lower motor neuron syndrome | weakness or loss of muscle tone & reduced reflexes.
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| Damage to lower motor neurons resuls in _____ dysarthria. | flaccid dysarthria
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| Describe flaccid dysarthria | caused by damage to brainstem and lower motor neurons (or motor cranial nerves)
char:
poor articulation
breathiness
hypernasal speech
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| Describe spastic dysarthria | caused by damage to neurons of the primary motor cortex
char: extremely poor articulation
strained voice quality
low pitched voice
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| Describe ataxic dysarthria | caused by damage to the cerebellum
char: irregular jerky speech and syllable repetitions
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| Describe hypokinetic dysarthria | caused by damage to the substantia nigra (ex: Parkinson's)
char: weak voice with many hesitations intermixed with brief rushes of speech
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| Describe hyperkinetic dysarthria | caused by damage to the caudate and putamen (ex: Huntington's)
char: irregular rate, pitch, loudness,pauses, and tics
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| Dysarthrias result in ______ in talking but no problems with ___ or language. | difficulty in talking but no problem with speech comprehension
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| Apraxias of speech result from damage to the ___, ____, or ___ areas, which code for the sequencing of language. | supplementary, premotor, or insular cortical areas
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| Problems caused by apraxias of speech include ____, ____, and _____. | repetitions, difficulty in selecting phonemes, and inconsistent speech
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| Motor systems consist of ____ (list 3). | direct tracts, indirect tracts, and feedback loops
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| Name 3 major motor systems | Pyramidal systems
Extrapyramidal systems
Cerebellar systems
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| Pyramidal systems include: | Pyramidal systems (direct activation):
corticospinal
corticonuclear (corticobulbar)
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| Extrapyramidal systems include | Brainstem to spinal cord (indirect activation)
Feedback loop to direct system via basal ganglia
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| The cerebellar system includes: | Feedback loop to direct system via cerebellum
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| The structural components of a motor system includes: 1. cerebral cortex, 2. ____ of the cerebrum (basal ganglia) 3. brainstem, 4. cerebellum, 5. spinal cord, 6. PNS | Subcortical nuclei of the cerebrum: Basal Ganglia;
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| What are the components of the Basal Ganglia? | putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra
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| The components of the motor system cortex include the _____ (emotion) and ______ (motivation to move). | limbic association (emotion)
pre-frontal association (motivation)
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| The cerebellum is connected to the brain by ______. | 3 cerebellar peduncles
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| Pyramidal systems are the primary, ____ pathway from cortex to (voluntary) muscles. | Pyramidal systems are the primary direct activation pathway
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| The pyramidal systems include the _____ system and the _____ system (formerly the corticobulbar system). | Corticospinal system
Corticonuclear system
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| The pyramidal systems are responsible for ________ control for small groups of muscles. | precise
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| The majority of fibers for the pyramidal systems begin in the _____. | primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus)
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| Pyramidal tracts originate in cortex and consist of ____ neurons (1st order) and ____ neurons (2nd order) | upper motor and lower motor neurons
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| During the descent, the axons of the upper motor neuron send off ____ to the cerebellum (via the pons), as input for coordination of movement. | collaterals
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| Pyramidal innervation is primarily ____. | contralateral.
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| Extrapyramidal system (outside of pyramidal system)maintain ____ (list 3) of larger muscle groups. | muscle tone, body posture, and reflex responses
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| The extrapyramidal system has 4 tracts to the spinal cord: | reticulospinal
vestbulospinal
tectospinal
rubrospinal
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| Reticulospinal tract | muscle tone, stabilize proximal body parts
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| Vestibulospinal tract | maintain antigravity tone for overall posture
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| Tectospinal tract | reactive orienting head and eye movements when there is a sudden visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimulus
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| Rubrospinal tract | functions in rudimentary way like corticospinal
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| An extrapyramidal feedback loop circulates from ____ to ___ and back to the _____. | feedback loop from cortex to basal ganglia and back to cortex
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| An extrapyramidal feedback loop helps with: | movement initiation and inhibition
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| The cerebellar feedback loop Coordinates movements via feedback loop from ____ to ___ and back to the ____. | cortex to cerebellum to cortex
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| When cerebellum or cerebellar feedback loop is damaged, it results in ____(discoordination). In speech system, this is called ____. | ataxia; ataxic dysarthria
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| Speech motor systems control and coordinate over ____ muscles. | 100
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| Approximately __ speech sounds are uttered / second. | 14
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| Motor feedback loops help ___ and ____ movement. | initiate / inhibit or smoothen / coordinate
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