CPC Study - Musculoskeletal System
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| How many bones are in the human body? | 206
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| Primary function of skeletal system: | provides organ protection, movement, framework, stores calcium, hematopoiesis
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| 5 types of bones: | long (tubular), short (cuboidal), flat, irregular, sesamoid
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| Patella is an example of this type of bone: | sesamoid
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| Diaphysis | shaft of a long bone
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| Epiphysis | bulbular shaped ends of long bones
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| Epiphysial Line | growth plate
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| Metaphysis | flared portion of bone near epiphyseal plate
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| Periosteum | dense, white outer covering
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| Cortical Bone | hard bone beneath periosteum mainly found on shaft
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| This contains yellow marrow: | medullary cavity
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| Cancellous bones | trabecular or spongy bone that contains red bone marrow
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| Endosteum | thin epithelial membrane lining medullary cavity of long bone
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| Divisions of skeleton: | axial, appendicular
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| How many bones does the axial skeleton contain? | 80
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| How many bones does the appendicular skeleton contain? | 126
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| Divisions of the axial skeleton: | skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, sacrum, ribs, sternum
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| 4 divisions of skull bones: | cranial, middle ear, face, hyoid
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| The bones of the skull: | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, styloid, zygomatic process
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| zygomatic process | cheek bone
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| Where is the styloid process found? | below ear
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| Ethmoid | area between orbits and nasal cavity
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| Sphenoid | floor of cranium
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| Occipital | posterior of cranium
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| Middle ear bones: | malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)
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| Bones of the face: | nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palate, vomer, nasal conchae
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| Maxilla | upper jaw
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| mandible | lower jawbone
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| 3 types of turbinates (conchae): | interior, middle, superior
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| What does the hyoid bone support? | the tongue
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| Number of vertebrae in spine and their divisions: | 33 - 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (sacrum fused in adults), 4 coccygeal (coccyx fused in adults)
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| How many pairs of ribs are there in a human body? | 12 - 7 true, 3 false, 2 floating pairs
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| Ilium | wing-shaped bone in uppermost part of hip
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| Acetabulum | depression on lateral hip surface into which head of femur fits
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| Ischium | posterior part of hip
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| Pubis | anterior part of hip
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| Pubis Symphysis | cartilage between pubic bones
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| Femur | thighbone
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| Trochanter | processes at neck of femur
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| Tibia | shinbone
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| Patella | kneecap
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| Fibula | smaller lateral bone in lower leg
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| Talus | ankle bone
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| Calcaneus | heel bone
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| Metatarsals | foot instep
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| Phalanges | toes and fingers
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| Lateral Malleolus | lower part of fibula
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| Medial Malleolus | lower part of tibia
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| Clavicle | collar bone
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| Scapula | shoulder blade
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| Humerus | upper arm
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| Radius | forearm, thumb side
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| Ulna | forearm, little finger side
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| Olecranon | tip of elbow
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| Carpals | wrist bones
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| Metacarpals | hand bones
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| Classifications of joints: | synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (considerably movable)
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| Types of diarthrosis: | uniaxal, biaxial, multiaxial
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| Bursa | sac of synovial fluid in tissue around a joint
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| Functions of muscular system: | heat production, movement, posture, protection, shape
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| How many skeletal muscles are there? | 600
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| Skeletal muscles are also known as: | striated muscles
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| Types of muscles: | skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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| Another name for smooth muscles: | visceral muscles (nonstriated, involuntary linings)
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| Difference between tendons and ligaments: | tendons anchor muscle to bone, ligaments anchor bones to bones
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| Flexion | bend
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| Extension | straighten
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| Abduction | away
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| Adduction | toward
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| Rotation | turn on axis
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| Circumduction | circular
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| Supination | face upward
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| Pronation | face down
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| Hyperextension | overextension
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| Inversion | inward
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| Eversion | outward
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| Function of occipitofrontalis: | raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
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| Function of corrugator supercilii: | wrinkles forehead vertically
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| Function of orbicularis oris: | opens mouth
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| Function of zygomaticus: | elevates corners of mouth
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| Function of orbicularis oculi: | opens and closes eyelid
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| Function of buccinator: | smiling and blowing
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| These muscles are used in mastication: | masseter, temporalis, pterygoids
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| Function of sternocleidomastoid: | flexes head
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| Function of semispinalis capitis: | extends head
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| Function of splenius capitis: | extends, bends, rotates head to contracting side
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| Function of longissimus capitis: | extends, bends, rotates head to contracting side
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| Function of trapezius: | extends head
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| Muscles of upper extremities: | biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, trapezius
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| Muscles of the trunk: | external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis, quadratus lumborum
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| Respiratory muscles: | diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals
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| Muscles of the thigh: | gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, abductor brevis, abductor longus, abductor magnus, gracilis, ilipsoas, rectus femoris
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| Muscles of lower extremities: | thigh muscles, hamstring group, quadriceps group, sartorius, tibialis anterior, peroneus group, gastrocnemius, soleus, extensor digitorum longus
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| Arthrocentesis | injection and/or aspiration of joint
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| Arthrodesis | surgical immobilization of joint
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| Hallux valgus | bunion - abnormal increase in size of metatarsal head that results in displacement of great toe
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| Chondral | referring to cartilage
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| CTS | carpal tunnel syndrome - compression of medial nerve
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| Colles' Fracture | fracture at lower end of radius that displaces bone posteriorly
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| Fasciectomy | removal of band of fibrous tissue
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| Ganglion | knot or knotlike mass
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| Kyphosis | humpback
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| Lamina | flat plate
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| Lordosis | anterior curve of spine
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| Lumbodynia | pain in lumbar area
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| Lysis | releasing
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| Osteoarthritis | degenerative condition of articular cartilage
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| Osteoclast | absorbs or removes bone
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| Scoliosis | lateral curve of spine
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| Spondylitis | inflammation of vertebrae
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| Subluxation | partial dislocation
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| Synchondrosis | union between two bones
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| Tenodesis | suturing of a tendon to a bone
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| Tenorrhaphy | suture repair of tendon
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| Compound Fracture | open fracture - broken bone penetrates skin
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| Simple Fracture | closed fracture - broken bone doesn't penetrate skin
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| 4 types of treatment for broken bone: | reduction, closed reduction, immobilization, traction
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| Strain | partial tear of a tendon
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| Sprain | tearing or rupture of some part of musculature caused by overuse or overextension
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| Osteomyelitis | bone infection
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| Osteoporosis | decreased bone mass and density common in postmenopausal women and elderly
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| Osteomalacia | softened bones in adults
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| Rickets | softened growing bones in children
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| Paget's Disease | osteitis deformans - abnormal bone remodeling and resorption resulting in enlarged, soft bones
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| 3 types of spinal curvatures: | lordosis (swayback), kyphosis (humpback), scoliosis (lateral curve)
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| Spina Bifida | congenital abnormality - vertebrae do not close correctly around the spinal cord
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| OA | osteoarthritis - degenerative wear of joints
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| RA | rheumatoid arthritis - progressive inflammatory connective tissue disease of the joints
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| Lyme disease is an example of: | septic arthritis
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| Gout | inflammatory arthritis of great toe
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| AS | ankylosing spondylitis - inflammatory disease of vertebral joints
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| Polymyositis | general muscle inflammation causing weakness
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| 4 types of bone tumors (base on origin): | osteogenic (bone cells), chondrogenic (cartilage cells), collagenic (fibrous tissue cells), myelogenic (marrow cells)
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| Osteoma | benign bone tumor
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| Chondroblastoma | rare, usually benign cartilage tumor
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| Osteosarcoma | malignant tumor of long bones usually in young adults
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| Multiple Myeloma | malignant plasma cells in skeletal system and soft tissue, progressive and generally fatal
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| Chondrosarcoma | malignant cartilage tumor
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| Rhabdomyosarcoma | rare muscle tumor
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