Physiology Ch 11 Endocrine System Vocab
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| Endocrine System | Cells, tissues, and organs collectively called endocrine glands
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| Hormones | A substance secreted by an endocrine gland and transported in the blood
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| Target Cell | A cell with specific receptors on which a hormone exerts its effect
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| Paracrine Secretions | Local hormones that only affect neighboring cells
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| Autocrine Secretions | Local hormones that affect the secreting cell itself
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| Steroid Hormones | Hormones that are made up of complex rings of carbon and hydrogen; are insoluble in water and enter a target cell.
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| Nonsteroid Hormones | Hormones that are made up of amines, peptides, and proteins, and usually bind to receptors in the target cell membrane
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| First Messenger | The hormone that triggers the receptor's activity site to interact with other membrane proteins
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| Second Messengers | The biochemicals in the cell that induce changes in response to the hormone's binding
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| Prostaglandins | A group of bio chemicals that have powerful, hormone like effects.
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| Negative Feedback | A mechanism activated by an imbalance that corrects the imbalance.
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| Pituitary Gland | Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain consisting of anterior and posterior lobes.
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| Growth Hormone | Stimulates cells to increase in size and divide more frequently
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| Prolactin | Stimulates and sustains a mother's milk production following the birth of an infant
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| Thyroid-stimulating hormone | Controls the thyroid gland secretions
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| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone | Controls the manufacture and secretion of certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland
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| Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone | Exert their actions on the gonads
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| Antidiuretic Hormone | Decreases urine formation
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| Oxytocin | Contracts smooth muscles in the uterine wall and stimulates uterine contractions during the later stages of childbirth
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| Thyroid gland | Endocrine gland located just below the larynx and in front of the trachea
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| Thyroxine | Help regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
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| Triiodothyronine | Five times more potent that thyroxine but has the same actions
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| Calcitonin | Decreases blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration
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| Parathyroid Glands | One of the four small endocrine glands embedded in the posterior portion of the thyroid gland
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| Parathyroid Hormone | Increases the level of blood calcium and phosphate concentration
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| Adrenal Glands | Gland located on the superior portion of each kidney
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| Adrenal Medulla | The inner portion of the adrenal gland
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| Adrenal Cortex | The outer portion of the adrenal gland
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| Epinephrine/Norepinephrine | Increase heart rate, force of cardiac muscle contraction, breathing rate, and blood glucose level, elevate blood pressure, and decrease digestive activity
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| Aldosterone | Regulates the concentration of mineral electrolytes
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| Cortisol | Affects glucose metabolism and influences protein and fat metabolism
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| Pancreas | Glandular organ found in the abdominal cavity that secretes hormones and digestive enzymes
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| Glucagon | Releases stored glucose; raises blood glucose concentration
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| Insulin | Stimulates the cell to take up glucose; lowering blood glucose concentration
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| Pineal Gland | A small structure in the central part of the brain that controls the biorhythms
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| Melatonin | A hormone that controls night and day rhythms
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| Circadian Rhythms | Patterns of repeated activity associated with the environmental cycles of day and night.
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| Thymus Gland | A glandular organ in the mediastinum behind the sternum and between the lungs
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| Thymosins | A group of peptides that increases the production of certain types of white blood cells.
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| Stress | A condition caused by nerve impulses that send signals that the body's internal environment has changed in a way that can threaten life
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| Stressor | A factor that can stimulate a response to perceived danger
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| General Adaptation Syndrome | The physiological responses to stress
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