Urinary System:Anatomy and Physiology 2
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| What is excretion? | removal of metabolic wastes from the body
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| What is the function of the kidneys? | regulate homeostasis
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| What are the 6 ways the kidneys regulate homeostasis? | removal of salts and nitrogenous wastes , maintain normal H20 and electrolyte concentration, regulate pH of body fluids, secrete the hormone erythropoietin which controls red blood cell production, secrete the hormone renin to regulate BP, produce urine
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| What are the organs of the urinary system? | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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| What are the accessory excretroy organs? | skin (integumentary), lungs (respiratory), and large intestine (digestive)
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| What are some examples of nitrogenous wastes? | urea, creatine, uric acid
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| Which renal vein is shorter than the other? | right renal vein
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| What is the location of the kidneys? | on lateral to the vertebral column, posterior to the abdominal wall, retroperitoneal, at the level of the T12-L3,
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| Which kidney is lower than the other? | right kidney is lower beause of location of liver exerting weight onto it
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| How much do kidneys weigh? | 160 g each (30 g=1 oz)
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| What are the tissue coverings of the kidneys? | renal fascia, renal fat pad, renal capsule
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| What is the renal fascia for? | connective tissue for attahment to the abdominal wall
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| What is the purpose of the renal fat bad? | serves as a cushion
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| What is the purspose for the renal capsule? | protects the kidneys from infection
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| What is the size of the kidney? | 10cm x 5cm x 4 cm or 3-4 inches in length, 2.5 inches side to side or 1.5 inche flat surface
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| What is the shape of the kidney? | bean-shaped, convex laterally, concave medially
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| Where is the hilum of the kidney? | medial, indented side; it is the doorway to each kidney
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| What is the relationship of the kidney to the adrenal glands? | the adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney
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| What is hydronephrosis? | the kidneys lose fat support and become enlarged by accumulating H2O
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| What structures are located in the inner renal medulla? | renal pyraminds, renal papilla, renal columns
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| What structures are located in the renal sinus? | Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis
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| Where does each renal artery extend directly from? | the aorta
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| Where does each renal vein empty directly into? | inferior vena cava
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| What is the total cardiac output (volume of blood that is pumped from the ventricles) in the kidneys of a person at rest? | 20-25% (1 out of 5 L)
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| What is the amount of CO of a person that is exercising? | 5%
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| Trace blood from aorta to inferior vena cava. | Aorta, renal artery, segmental (lobar) artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus,efferent arteriole,peritubular capillaries (vasa recta),interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein,IVC
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| Where do he right and left renal arteries branch from? | Abdominal aorta
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| What are the three major organs that pass through the diaphragm? | aorta, esophagus, IVC
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| Which contains more metabolic impurities, the renal artery or renal veins? | renal artery
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| What is the nephron? | it is the filtering functional unit of the kidney
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| how many nephrons are in each kidney? | over a million
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| What are the structural features of the nephron? | it is a ball shaped structure, highly coiled and contains the renal corpuscle and renal tubule
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| What does the renal corpuscle consist of? | glomerulus capillaries which is a ball of capillary network and a fenestrated endothelium and also the Bowman's capsule which is a double layered membrane (visceral layer is the podocytes and the parietal layer is the capsule)
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| What force sends plasma from out of glomerular capillary into capsular space? | the force of blood pressure
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| When does glomerular filtrate turn into urine? | at the minor calyx
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| What does the renal tuble consist of? | proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and the collecting duct
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| Where does the collecting duct empty into? | the minor calyx
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| What is the filtration membrane? | the membrane that forms a barrier between the blood and filtrate
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| What is the composition of the filtration membrane? | formed by the wall of the glomerulus and the podocytes (cells that form filtration slits)
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| Explain the flow of blood through the nephron | interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava
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| Which arteriole gives rise to the peritubular capillary system which surrounds the renal tubule? | efferent arteriole
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| What is the first step of urine formation? | Glomerular filtration
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| What is glomerular filtration? | Creates a plasmalike filtrate of the blood which occurs in the capsule.
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| Where does glomerular filtration occur? | the Bowman's Capsule (Renal Corpuscle)
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| What is the second step of urine formation? | Tubular Reabsorpotion
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| What is tubular reabsorption? | removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them to the blood
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| Where does tubular reabsorption occur? | proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
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| What is the third step in urine formation? | Tubular secretion
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| What is tubular secretion? | removes additional wastes from the blood and adds them to the filtrate
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| What is the fourth step of urine formation? | Water conservation
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| What is water conservation? | removes water from the urine and returns it to the blood and concentrates wastes
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| Where does water conservation occur? | Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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| What are the two hormones involved in Nephron function? | ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)- water retention and occurs in the DCT and aldosterone (sodium absorption
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| What is in the filtrate? | mostly water, metabolic wastes (urea, ammonia, uric acid), nutrients (glucose, vitamins, amino acids) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride
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| How much of the filtrate is absorbed back into circulating blood in the kidneys? | 99%
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| What is filtration pressure? | the force required to push plasma from the glomerulus into the capsule
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| Hydrostatic pressure is... | blood pressure inside the glomerular capillaries. This is an outward driving force
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| Osmotic pressure of the plasma... | solutes in plasma draw water outside the glomerulus (inward force)
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| Hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule.... | as fluid accumulates in the capsule, it resists free flow of plasma from the glomerulus (inward force)
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| Net filtration pressure = | A(Hydrostatic pressure) - (B(osmotic pressure) - C(capsular presure)
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| Postive net filtration pressure | producing filtrate
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| Negative net filtration pressure | renal failure
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| Glomerular filtration rate | filtrate secreted into capsular spaes by both kidneys in one minute (125 mL)
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| What are the factors controlling filtration rate? | filtration pressure, diameters of the afferent or efferent arterioles, changes in plasma osomtic pressure in the glomerulus, blood flow through the glomerulus, hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule
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| Renal auto-regulation | maintenance of normal filtration by the nephron which is the function of the cells of the JG apparatus( JG cells)
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| What produces the chemical renin? | JG cells
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| Renin controls what? | systemic blood pressure
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| How much cardiac ouput do the kidneys receive at rest? | about 20%
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| What is the cardiac output during kidneys? | about 5-10%
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| What is the result of sympathetic nerves control of renal blood flow? | reduced filtration by nephrons
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| Tubular reabsorption | substances are selectively reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate
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| What is the peritubular capillary adapted for? | reabsorption
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| Where does most reabsorption occur? | proximal tubule
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| Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by... | active transport
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| Water is reabsorbed... | osmosis (80% of filtrate)
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| The presence of what horone increases water reabsorption... | ADH
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| Proteins are reabsorbed by... | pinocytosis
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| Substances that remain in the filtrate... | are concentrated as water is reabsorbed
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| Sodium ions... | are reabsorbed by active transport
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| Where does chemical control of water and sodium reabsorption occur? | region of the DCT and collecting duct
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| Where is ADH located and formed? | posterior pituitary gland causes the permeability of the distal tubule and collection ducts to increase, and thus promotes the reabsorption of water
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| Aldosterone | a hormone released by the adrenal gland further increases sodium and water absorption in the distal tubule.
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| What is the third step of urine formation? | Tubular secretion
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| What does tubular secretion serve to remove? | Various organic compounds (ammonia) and hydrogen ions to maintain acid-base balance
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| What is the fourth step of urine formation? | Water Conservation
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| What is the end product of the four steps? | urine
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| What happends during water conservation? | By Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion from the hypothalamus, incureases reabsorption of water from the renal tubule, and decreases urine volume
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| Urea excretion | urea is a by-product of amino acid metabolism, t is reabsorbed passively by diffusion; about 50% of the urea is excreted in urine.
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| Uric acid excretion | results from the metabolism of nucleic acids (most is reabsorbed by active transport, some is secreted into the renal tubule.)
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| Physical composition of urine | color and transparency, odor, pH, specific gravity
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| Chemical composition of urine | 95% water, remaining 5% is solutes like urea, electrolytes, uric acid, creatinine
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| Factors involved in urine output | fluid intake environmental temperature humidity emotional status respiration rate body temperature
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| Ureters | muscular tubes that extend from each kidney to the urinary bladder; wall is mucous, muscular, and fibrous layers; composed of transitional epithelium; peristaltic waves in the ureter force urine to the bladder
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| Urinary bladder wall structure | mucosa: transitional epithelium muscular layer: smooth muscle fibers in the wall of the bladder form the detrusor muscle (to expel substances from the body) A portion of the detrusor muscle forms an internal urethral sphincter
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| Trigone | a triangle in the floor of the bladder; the opening from the two ureters and the urethra form a triangle
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| The urinary bladder stores.... | urine
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| The urinary bladder stores urine and forces it into the .... | urethra
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| micturation | process by which urine is expelled
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| baroreceptors | bladder stretch receptors
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| Micturation reflex | urge to urinate
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| What is the stimulus of the micturation reflex? | the presence of about 200 mL of urine in the bladder
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| How are stretch receptors stimulated? | by distension (stretching)
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| micturation reflex center | parasympathetic motor impulses to the detrusor muscle causes the contraction of the bladder
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| internal urethral sphincter | is forced to open
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| external urethral sphincter | is under voluntary control
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