chap 20
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| william seward | NY republican, sec. of state to lincoln and johnson, strong expansionist, annexed midway island and gained rights to biuld a canal in nicaragua
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| napoleon III | nephew of 1st, sent frnch troops to occupy Mexico, backed down when seward threatened him
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| mexico | occupied by the french, protected by the U.S.
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| alaska purchase(1867) | russian and britain argued over it, seward suggested the u.s. purchase it, congress agreed, paid 7.2 million
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| "new imperialism" | opened worldwide markets, sources for raw materials for manufacturing, might offer a safety valve for violent labor management disputes and the unrest of farmers
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| international darwinism | survival of the fittest incorporated in competition among nations, required the US to be strong religiously, militarily, and politically, had to demonstrate strength by gaining new territories
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| Josiah Strong- Our Country:Its possible future and current crisis | reverand that wrote protestant americans had a christian duty to colonize other lands and spread christianity
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| Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power Upon History | u.s. navy captain, argued a strong navy was crucial to a country to become a world power
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| Pan-American Conference- 1889 | meeting in washington, blaine tried to establish closer ties between the us and its southern neighbors
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| James Blaine | secretary of state, Maine, played an important role in protecting latin america
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| richard olney | cleveland's secretary of state, insisted that britain arbitrate the boundary dispute between Venezuela and the british territory, Guiana, threatened britain with the monroe doctrine, finally agreed to demands
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| Venezuela boundary dispute | between venezuela and the british territory guiana, latin americans appreciated US efforts to protect them from european domination
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| cuba | expansionists had been interested in cuba since the 50's, by the 90's we had large investments in sugar there, spanish misrule and the monroe doctrine provided justification for intervention
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| jingoism | intense form of nationalism calling for aggressive foreign policy
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| valeriano weyler | autocratic general of cuba, sent with 100, 000 troops to put down the rebellion of cubas detroying plantation hoping to involve the US or force spain to withdraw
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| yellow journalism | bold and lurid headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal, exaggerated and false accounts were printed
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| spanish-american war | spain agreed to a ceasefire, but the US called for war anyway: to put an end to barbarities, starvation, etc in cuba, protect citizens and possessions of cuba, end injury to US commerce, trade, business, end menace to peace
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| de lome letter | 1898, spanish diplomat, Dupuy de Lome's letter was leaked to the press, highly critical of mckinley, considered an insult
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| Maine | anchored in Havana, exploded, killed 260 americans, 1898, accused spain
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| Teller Amendment | congress authorized war, then passed act that declared US had no intention of taking political control of cuba, and that once peace was restored, the cubans would control their own govt
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| philippines | spanish ships in amnila bay, the philippines were attacked during the short and "splendid little war"
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| george dewey | commodore, roosevelt ordered him to command a fleet to the philippines
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| theodore roosevelt | mckinley's assistant secretary of the navy, expansionist, eager to show off his country's new, all-steel navy
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| rough riders | most celebrated event of the war, a cavalry charge up San Jaun Hill by these volunteers led by roosevelt
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| hawaii, liliuokalani | 1893, american settlers helped overthrow the queen
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| puerto rico; guam | gained for the us by the treaty of paris after the spanish american war
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| philippine annexation | by an extremely close vote in congress, ppl of the philippines were outraged, independence being denied
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| emilio aguinaldo | filipino nationalist leader, fought alongside us troops, led bands of guerrilla fighters in a war against us control, took 3 years and thousands of lives to end
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| anti-imerialist league | led by willaim jennings bryan, rallied opposition to further acts of expansion
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| insular cases | supreme court cases that declared constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions
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| platt amendment | army appropriations bill, required cuba to agree to never sign another treety that impaired its independence, never build up excessive public debt, US could intervene into cubas affairs to maintain law and order, all the US to maintain naval bases in cuba
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| john hay | mckinley's secretary of state, alarmed that the chinese empire was falling under the control of other powers, asked those countries to accept the concepts of an open door
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| spheres of influence | 1890's, russia, japan, great britain, france, and gremany established in china, they could dominate trade and investment within their sphere
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| open door policy | hay's idea where all nations would have equal trading privileges in china
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| xenophobia | hatred or fear of foreigners
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| boxer rebellion | society of harmonious fists, chinese nationalists attacked foreign settlement, murdered dozens of chinese missionaries
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| big-stick policy | Theodore roosevelt's aggressive foreign policy
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| hay-pauncefote treaty (1901) | granted us the ability to dig the canal zone in panama without british involvement
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| panama canal | connected the atlantic and pacific oceans, acress the ithsmus of Panama
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| george goethals and dr william gorgas | two army colonels, whose efforts eliminated the mosquitoes that spread the deadly yellow fever
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| roosevelt corollary | president's policy of intervention when necessary
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| santo domingo | 1904, european powers stood to intervene in this city, but roosevelt intervened intead to uphold the monroe doctrine
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| russo-japanese war | imperialist rivaly between russia and japan, 1904-5, japan was winning
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| treaty of potrsmouth (1905) | roosevelt arranged a diplomatic conference at portsmouth NH to settle the war
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| gentlemen's agreement | 1908, an informal agreement that japan would secretly restrict japanese emigration if CA repealed its discriminatory laws
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| great white fleet | to demonstrate u.s. naval power, roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships on an around the world cruise
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| root-takahira agreement (1908) | US and Japan pledged mutual respect for each others pacific possession and supported the open door policy in china
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| algeciras conference (1906) | roosevelt helped arrange and direct in spain, settled a conflict between france and germany over claims to morocco
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| willaim howard taft | 1909-1913, roosevelt's successor, adopted a mildly expansionist foreign policy, depended more on investor's dollars than the navys battleships
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| dollar diplomacy | tafts policy of trying to promote us trade by supporting american enterprises abroad
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| Nicaragua | ths US intervened in this country's financial affair in 1911, and when a civil war broke out in 1912
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| henry cabot lodge | a republican senator from massachusetts, responsible for an action that led to Latin America and Japan's alienation
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| lodge corollary | stated that non-european powers would be excluded from owning territory in the western hemisphere
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| woodrow wilson | 1912 democratic candidate
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| new freedom | govt policy advocated by wilson
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| moral diplomacy | moral approach on foreign affairs of wilson
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| jones act (1916) | granted full territorial stats to the philippines, guaranteed bill of rights and universal male suffrage to filipino citizens, promised independence when a stable govt was established
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| mexican civil war | wilsons moral approach was tested by this war
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| victoriano huerta | general who seized power of mexico by assassinating the democratically elected president
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| tampico incident | 1914, wilson sent american seamen to tampico to arrest mexican authorities
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| ABC (argentina, brazil, and chile) powers | south america powers, offered to meditate the dispute of tampico between the mexicans and americans
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| pancho villa | "leader" of a band of revolutionaries that challenged the democratic regime in 1914, Mexico
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| venustiano carranza | led the more democratic regime in mexico after Huerta fell from power
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| expeditionary force | pursuit of Villa into mexico
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| john j pershing | general ordered by wilson to pursue villa
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