Characteristics, classification and nomenclature of disease
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| Aetiology | the cause(s) of a disease | the initiator of the subsequent events resulting in the patient's illness
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| Natural history of a disease | its usual course from beginning to end without treatment | (blank)
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| Lesions | structural alterations that occur in tissues. | May be recognisable by gross or microscopic examination
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| 2 types of clinical manifestations of a disease | symptoms, physical signs | the obvious effects of the disease
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| Symptoms | subjective abnormalities the patient experiences eg nausea, chest pain | (blank)
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| Physical signs | Objective findings eg heart murmur, swelling of feet. Sometimes noted by the patient but which can be confirmed by the physician |
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| Complications and sequelae | the secondary, systemic or remote consequences of a disease. | Complications = complicates what you are suffering from eg bacterial infection due to virus -> pneumonia...Sequelae = after pneumonia you may get scar tissue laid down in lungs then 20 yrs later get difficulty in breathing
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| Prognosis | the anticipated course of the disease in terms of cure, remission or fate of the patient |
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| Pathogenicity | Ability (high, low, etc) of a microorganism to cause disease | Capacity to cause disease. It is a quality of the organism.eg bacteria vary greatly in their pathogenicity (high, low etc)
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| Pathogen | any disease-causing microorganism or substance | (blank)
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| Virulence | measure of the pathogenicity of an organism by the ability to invade host tissues and cause disease, or by case fatality rates | (blank)
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| Health | a state of harmony between the organism and its environment. | it signifies an internal harmony amongst the individual's cells, fluids, tissues and organs
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| Mortality | the probability that death will be the end result of the disease. Usually expressed as a percentage | a disease with high mortality will kill a larger proportion of the population
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| Epidemiology | the study of the incidence and distribution of a disease within populations | epidemiologists find out associations
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| Idiopathic | no known cause | (blank)
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| Congenital diseases | present at birth | (blank)
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| Aquired diseases | develop after birth | most aquired diseases are due to environmental causes and can be classified according to aetiology or pathogenesis
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| Pathogenesis | the mechanism causing the disease | Describes the sequence of events, from beginning to conclusion, including the mechanisms involved in that process
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| diseases due to a combination of causes are said to have a : | multifactorial aetiology | (blank)
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| risk factors giving a permisive effect in facilitating the development of a disease in an individual: | nutritional status, genetic influences, pre-existing immunity, certain constitutional traits, occupations, habits, habitats etc | (blank)
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| in the absence of any known cause a disease is classified aetiologically as: | primary, idiopathic, essential, spontaneous or cryptogenic | all these terms have the same meaning, but are used in their own special contexts eg essential hypotention, spontaneous pneumothorax, cryptogenic cirrhosis.
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| Causal association | a marker for the risk of developing a disease, but it is not necesarily the actual cause of the disease. | the stronger the causal association, the more likely it is to be the aetiology of the disease.
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| Toxic diseases | caused by poisons or toxins | (blank)
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| Infectious diseases | result from invasion of the body by living pathogenic agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or helminths (worms) | (blank)
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| Physical injury | includes trauma, injury produced by heat, cold, electricity and radiation | trauma = mechanical injury
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| Allergic diseases | result from unusual sensitivity to some specific antigen which promotes an excessive immunological response | eg asthma, hayfever. aberrant immune response. Reaction to harmless antigen. Reacting to non-self.
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| Autoimmune diseases | caused by an aberrant immune response directed against some component of the host | reaction to self
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| Neoplastic diseases | diseases characterised by the uncoordinated growth of cells | (blank)
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| Nutritional disease | usually result from a diet deficient in amount (starvation), or in some essential ingredients, or from an ecsessive intake of food (obesity). Occasionally it may be as a result of an abnormality of the digestive tract leading to malabsorption | (blank)
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| Psychosomatic disease | Brought on by psychological factors | has it beginnings in emotions and is mediated largely through the autonomic nervous system.
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| predisposing or secondary causes | conditioning factors that permit the primary cause to act | eg wetting, chilling of the body in the case of pneumonia
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| Topography | where it is | (blank)
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| Morphology | how it is described | (blank)
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| Syndrome | a disease characterised by multiple abnormalities | a combination of signs and symptoms or a combination of lesions characteristic of a particular disease, without which the disease cannot be recognised or diagnosed. No one feature alone being diagnostic. eg Cushing's syndrome
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| morbid entities | illnesses | (blank)
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| Pathological and clinical manifestations | the structural and functional features of the disease | (blank)
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| The characteristics of any disease are: | aetiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, compications and sequelae, prognosis, epidemiology | (blank)
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| multifactorial aetiology | disease due to a combination of causes such as genetic factors and infective agents | (blank)
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| premalignant conditions | diseases associated with an increased risk of cancer | eg hepatic cirrhosis predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma. Ulerative colitis predisposes to carcinoma of the large intestine
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| Premalignant lesion | the histologically identifiable antecedent lesion from which a cancer directly develops | (blank)
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| Inflammation | a response to many microorganisms and other harmful agents causing tissue injury | (blank)
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| Degeneration | a deterioration of cells or tissues in response to, or failure of adaptation to, a variety of agents | (blank)
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| Carcinogenesis | the mechanism by which cancer-causing agents result in the development of tumours | (blank)
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| Immune reactions | undesirable effects of the body's immune system | (blank)
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| Pathognomonic | pathological feature characteristic of a particular disease | eg Reed-Sternberg cells are pathognomonic of Hodgkin's disease: they are exceptionally rare in any other condition
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| ana- | absence | eg anaphylaxis
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| dys- | disordered | eg dysplasia
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| meta- | change from one state to another | eg metaplasia
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| -itis | an inflammatory process | eg appendicitis
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| -oma | a tumour | eg carcinoma
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| -osis | state or condition, not necessariliy pathological | eg osteoarthrosis
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| -penia | lack | eg thrombocytopenia
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| -cytosis | increased number of cells, usually in the blood | eg leukocytosis
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| -ectasis | dilatation | eg bronchiectasis
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| -plasia | disordered growth | eg hyperplasia
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| -opathy | abnormal state lacking in specific characteristics | eg lymphadenopathy
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