anatomy
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| study of structures (names) | anatomy
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| physiology | study of functions of structures
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| classification of man: | domain eukarya
kingdom animalia
phylum chordata
sudphylum vertebrata
class mammalia
family hominidae
genus homo
species sapiens
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| cardiologist | heart
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| otolaryngologist | ears,nose,throat
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| neurologist | brain
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| ophthalmologist | eyes
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| dermatologist | skin
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| urologist | bladder/urinary tract
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| oncologist | cancer
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| physical therapist | rehab of muscules
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| rheumatologist | arthritis
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| nephrologist | kidney
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| hematologist | blood
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| father of experimental physiology | Galen
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| father of anatomy | vesalus
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| gross anatomy | see with naked eye
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| histology | tissues
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| morbid anatomy | diseases
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| comparative anatomy | compare structures of different species
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| development anat. | diff. stages of growth
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| systematic anat. | study of each system
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| regional anat. | regions of body
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| surface anat. | surface of structures
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| anatomic anat. | xrays,MRI,ultrasound
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| applied anat. | apply knowledge
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| diagnostic tools | EKG,bloodwork, heart monitor, xray, MRI, urine/stool test, blood pressure, temperature
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| organization of human body | cells
tissues
organs
organ system
organism
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| cells are made up of | CHNOPS,mostly water, organelles
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| ribosome | make protein
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| mitochondria | make ATP
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| nucleus | brain
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| vacuoles | hold water/food
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| endoplasmic reticulum | highways
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| superior (cranial) | towards head
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| inferior (caudal) | below head
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| anterior (ventral) | towards front
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| posterior ( dorsal) | towards back
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| lateral | next to
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| medial | towards middle
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| proximal | close to
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| distal | far away
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| superfical | towards surface
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| deep | down inside
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| ipsillateral | same side of body
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| contralateral | opposite side
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| supine | face up
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| prone | face down
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| horizontal (transverse) plane | superior/interior sections
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| frontal (coronal) plane | anterior/posterior sections
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| midsagittal plane | down middle EQUAL
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| sagittal plane | down middle NOT ALWAYS EQUAL
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| pectoral girdle | where arms attach to main trunk
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| pelvic girdle | where legs attach to main trunk
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| regions of ABDOMINAL AREA | right hypochondriac region
epi-gastric region
left hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
umbilical region
left lumber region
right iliac region
hypo-gastric region
left iliac region
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| breathing muscle | diaphragm
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| DORSAL CAVITY (towards back) | a. cranial cavity (brain)
b. vertebral cavity (spinal chord)
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| VENTRAL CAVITY | a.thoracic cavity (chest)
1. PLURAL (LUNGS)
2. MEDIASTINUM (HEART, BRONCHI, THYMUS)
b. abdominopelvic cavity
1.ABDOMINAL (tummy,intestines, kidney, liver, spleen,etc)
2.PELVIC (ovary,prostate, bladder, rectum)
c. SCROTAL (testes)
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| parietal membranes | line trunk cavities
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| visceral membranes | cover and touch organs
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| FYI | space between these 2 membranes is filled with serous membranes to reduce friction when moving
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| visceral pleura, parietal pleura | lungs
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| visceral pericardium parietal pericardium | heart
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| peritoneum | ALL OTHER ORGANS
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| mesenteries | 2 layered membranes
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| mesenteries: | 1.still serous membranes
2.doubled layered
3.pathway for nerves, blood & lymphatic vessels
4.anchor abdominal organs
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| frenulum of the lip | flap of skin connecting lip to gums
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| salivary glands: | sublingual, submandibular, parotid
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| sublingual gland | below tongue
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| submandibular gland | under jaw
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| parotid | largest, in cheeks
MUMPS**
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| BUCCAL | CHEEKS
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| WORST FOODS FOR YOU | 1.hydrogenated fats
2.olestra
3.nitrates
4.alcohol
5.raw oysters
6.saturated animal fats
7.soda
8.low acid home canned foods
9.high fat snacks
10. liquid meals
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| salivary amylase | breaks down
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| teeth | 32
front- incisors
pointy- canine
back- molars
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| mastication | chewing
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| deglutition | swallowing
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| uvula | makes food go down
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| pharynx | throat area
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| esophagus | food tube to stomach
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| peristalsis | grinding movement
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| esophagus position in relation to trachea | anterior
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| epiglottis | close off windpipe when swallowing
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| acid reflux | acid from stomach coming up esophagus
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| we need: | 1.carbs
2.lipids
3.proteins
4.minerals
5.vitamins
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| minerals | calcium,potassium,sodium,iron,iodide
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| vitamins | A,C,D,K
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| intracellular digestion | within cell
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| extracellular digestion | outside cell
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| names for digestive tract | 1.gastrointestinal
2.alimentary
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| chyme | partially digested food
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| pH of stomach | 1-3
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| bacteria that causes alcers | Helicobacteria pylori
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| mucus | lines stomach to keep acid from eating wall
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| only thing that can seep through stomach walls | alcohol
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| where most digestion occurs | small intestine
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| where stomach meets small intestine | pyloric sphincter valve
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| breaks down proteins into peptides | peptidase
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| breaks down sucrose | sucrase
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| breaks down complex carbs | amylase
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| breaks down lipids | lipase
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| makes bile | liver
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| job of bile | breaks down things into smaller
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| stores bile | gall bladder
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| 3 parts of small intestine | 1.duodenum
2.jejunum
3.ileum
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| duodenum | most important in digestion
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| jejunum | absorbs nutrients
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| ilein | longest, absorb nutrients
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| villi/microvill | fingerlike projections
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| liver | detoxifies/filers
converts excess sugars into glycogen
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| pancreas | produces insulin,glycogen,and pancreatic juices
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| removes water from waste | large intestine (colon)
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| too much water removed | diarrhea
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| too little water removed | constipated
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| Ileocecal valve | small and large intestine meet
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| where appendix hangs off | Ileocecal valve
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| sections of colon | ascending,transverse,descending,sigmoid colon,rectum
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| hepatitis | inflammation of liver
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| hemorrhoids | inflammed vein from pressure
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| diverticulitis | cant digest food right
no seeds
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| celiac disease | cant digest gluten
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| colon cancer | colonoscopy
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| cirrhosis | liver cells overworked
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| open circulatory system | blood is not contained in vessels
ANTHROPODS,MOLLUSKS
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| cavity full of blood | hemocoel
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| closed circulatory system | blood is closed in heart and vessels
SEGMENTED WORMS, ALL VERTEBRATES
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| functions of circulatory system | 1.carry O2 and food to cells
2.takes wastes away
3.carries hormones/other chemicals
4.regulates body temp.
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| top chamber in heart | atrium
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| bottom chamber in heart | ventricle
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| fish | 2 chambered
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| amphibians/reptiles | 3 chamber
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| birds/mammals | 4 chambered
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| function of atrium | recieve old blood
deoxygenated
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| function of ventricle | pump blood out to lungs and body
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| types of circulation | 1.systemic-all systems
2.pulmomary-lungs
3.coronary- heart
4.portal- organs
5.fetal-baby
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| alveoli | airsacs in lungs with blood
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| protective covering of heart | pericardium
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| muscle layer of heart | three!
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| endocardium | inner layer, thin
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| myocardium | middle layer,heart,thick
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| epicardium | outer layer, thin
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| veins carry | deoxygenated blood
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| arteries carry | oxygenated blood
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| CIRCULATION THROUGH HEART STEPS: | 1.S&I vena cava
2.right ventricle
3.right atrium
4.pulmonary artery
5.lungs/o2
6.pulmonary vein
7.left atrium
8.left ventricle
9.aorta
10.body cells
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| largest veins | superior and inferior vena cava
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| sup. vena cave | head shoulders arms etc
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| inf. vena cava | legs,trunk
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| pulmonary artery | only artery that carries away from heart
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| pulmonary vein | only vein that bring blood in
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| largest artery | aorta
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| AV valves | Atrioventricle valve
(atrium.ventricle)
1.right AV - TRICUSPID VALVE
2.left AV- MITRAL VALVE
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| SL valves | Semilunar valves
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| Circulation through body | heart
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
diffusion @ cellular level
venules
veins
heart again
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| sinatrial valve | natural pacemaker
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| heart beat | 72/min
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| rapid heart beat | Tachycardia
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| slower heart beat | bradycardia
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| jump starts heart after heart attack | defibrillator
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| aneurysm | wall of blood vessel is weakened and bursts
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| blood pressure cup | sphygmomanometer
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| normal blood pressure | 120/80
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| top number | systolic, pressure when heart is pumping
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| bottom number | diastolic,pressure between beats
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| high blood pressure | hypertension
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| borderline hypertension | 140/40
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| high blood pressure | 160/95 plus
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| hypertension at drs office | white coat hypertension
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| hypertension with no symptoms | silent killer
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| atheroscelerosis | hardening of arteries/veins
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| good cholesterol | HDL
high density lipoproteins
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| bad chloesterol | LDL
low density lipoproteins
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| 55 to 60% of blood is | plasma
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| 90% of plasma is | water
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| thrombocytes | platelets
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| makes blood cells | bone marrow
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| proteins that cause clotting | thrombin
fibrinogen
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| blood doesnt clot | hemophilia
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| leukocytes | white blood cells
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| neutrophils | kill bacteria and infection
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| eosinphils | attack parasites
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| basophils | release histamines and flush out allergens
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| lymphocytes | secrete antobodies
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| monocytes | kill bacteria
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| erthrocytes | red blood cells
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| attracts oxygen | hemoglobin
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| picks up co2 | anhydrase
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| production of RBC | erthropoiesis
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| hormone the produces RBC | erthropoietin
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| dont have enough RBC | anemia
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| gives blood type | RBC
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| function of lymphatic system | 1.defense
2.return excess fluids and substances
3.transports fats from sm int to bloodstream
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| lymphatic vessels consist of | lymph nodes,tonsils, thymus, spleen
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| 2 things repiratory system requires | moisture and large surface area
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| insects | have trachea resp. system
have spiracles
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| earthworms | breathe through skin
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| fish | gills
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| amphibians | gills when young, lungs when older
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| reptiles | lungs
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| birds | lungs
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| mammals | lungs
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| use most o2 | birds
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| breathing | controlled by medulla
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| nasopharnx | where nose meets throat
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| oropharynx | where mouth meets throat
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| larynopharynx | voice box
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| trachea | wind pipe
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| bronchi | tubes that go to lungs
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| bronchioles | smaller tubes off bronchi
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| alveoli | air sacs on end of bronchioles
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| emphysema | air sacs destroyed
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| bronchitis | inflammation of bronchi
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| pneumonia | viral and bacterial
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| asthma | short of breath, inflammation and constriction of valves
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| diphtheria | too much mucus
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| tuberculosis | bacteria, bloody mucus
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| influenza | attacks resp. system
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| pleurisy | inflammation of membrane around lungs
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| asbestosis | inhaling fibers of asbestsis
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| lung cancer | ):
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Created by:
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