Atoms & Elements
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| Pure Substance | 1 type of substance
definite composition
cant be separated by physical processes
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| Pure Substance Element | Cant be separated into simplier sustances by chemical means ex: copper Cu, Lead Pb, Aluminum Al
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| Pure Substance Compound | Can be separated into simplier substances by chemical means Ex: salt, table sugar
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| Mixtures | 2 or more types of substances r physically NOT chemically mixed
variable composition
Can be separated by physical process
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| Homogeneous Mixtures (solution) | composition is uniform thru out,dif parts mixture not visible *once mixed cant separate* Ex: koolaid
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| Heterogeneous Mixtures | compostion of substances not uniform, comp varies from one part mixture to another Ex: pennies in a bag..dont know what ur grabbing
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| Elements | Pure substances that cant be separated into simplier substances by ordinary lab processes & building blocks of matter
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| Symbol | represents name of the element
consists of 1 or 2 letters
starts with a capital letter
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| Physical properties of Elements | are Observed & measured w/out changing its identity ie; shape, color,odor,taste,density, melting/boiling point
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| Periodic Table | Elements arranged by similiar properties
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| Groups (periodic table) | contain elements w/similiar properties in vertical columns
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| Periods (periodic tables) | horizontal rows of elements
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| Group 1 | Alkali metals: Lithium (L) Sodium(Na) Potassium (K)
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| Group 2 | Alkaline Earth Metals Ex: Magnesiun(Mg) Calcium(Ca)Barium (Ba)
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| Group 7 | Halogens Chlorine(Cl) Iodine(I) Flourine(F)Bromine(Br)
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| Group 8 | Noble Gases Helium(He)Neon(Ne)Argon(Ar)
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| Zig Zag line info | starts @Boron (B) ends @Astatine(At)
separates metals(left)& non metals(Right)Metalloids located on zigzag
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| zigzag line elements | B,Si,Ge,As,Sb,Te,Po,At
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| Metals | Shiny, ductile, good conductor heat & electricity
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| Non Metals | dull, brittle, poor conductors, good insulators.
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| Metalloids | better conductors than non metals,as good as metal,used as semi conductors & insulators
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| Daltons Atomic theory | atoms are tiny particles of matter
elements r similiar & different form other elements, 2+ diff elements combine to form compound
rearranged to form new combos in chem.reaction
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| Subatomic Particles | found in atoms;Protons= + Electron= - Neutron= Neutral charge **like charges repel & unlike charges attract**
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| Atom Structure | Nucleus that contains protons & neutrons & electrons in the lrg empty space around nucleus
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| Atomic Mass scale | 1 mass unit(amu)has mass = to 1/12 of mass of carbon-12 atom
proton= 1.007(amu) Neutron=1.008(amu)
Electron= 0.000549(amu)
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| Atomic Number | specific for each element
same for all atoms of an element
= to # of protons in an atom, gives # of elecrons
appears above symbol of an element
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| Examples of Atomic # & Protons | Hydrogen has atomic # of 1; every H atom has 1 proton
Carbon has atomic # of 6; every C atom has 6 protons
Copper(Cu) has atomic # 29; every Cu atom has 29 protons
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| Electron in Atoms | an atom of an element is electrically neutral;the net charge is zero! atom has = # of protons & electrons
*number of protons = number of electrons* if element has 13 protons & 13 electrons the net charge is zero
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| Mass Number | represents the number of particles in the nucleus
# of P+ N+ = mass
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| Isotopes | atoms with the same element but different mass number
hv same # protons but diff # of neutrons
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| Atomic Symbol | represents a particular atom of an element
gives mass # in upper left corner & atomic # in lower left corner; gives # of protons, neutron & electrons
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| proton | 1+ charge found in nucleus 1AMU
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| neutron | 0 charge 1AMU found n nucleus
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| electron | 1-neg charge 0.0005(1/2000)AMU fond outside nucleus
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| AMU atomic mass unit (Dalton) | defined as 1/12th of the Carbon atom w/6protons & 6 neutron, P+ N+ determine atomic mass)
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| Atom | smallest particle of element that retains the characteristics
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| Energy Levels | closest to nucleus lowest energy levels. 2n2(L2) is formula where n is.
2(2)2= 2(4)= E3- 2(3)2=2(9)=18
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| Valence Electrons | outermost electron, highest energy levels & are related to the group # of element Group 1- # valence electrons=1
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| Calculating Atomic Mass | % Isotope abundance divided by 100 X mass of isotope
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| Orbital | 3 dimensional space aropund nucleus ***can hold up t0 2 electron***
has shape that represents electron density
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| S- Orbital | has spherical shape around nucleus & found in each energy level
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| P-orbital | has a 2-lobed shape1 of 3 P orbitals in each energy level from n=2
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| Electron Level arrangement | found only in first 18 elements
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| Electron Dot Symbol | shows valence electrons around the symbol element. Group 1A-4A =1 dot group 5A-7A= use pairs & single dot
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| Atomic size( atomic radius) | distance from nucleus to valence electrons....on periodic table- left to right decreases & top to bottom increase size...biggest in size bottom left corner
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| Ionized energy | energy it takes to remove a valence electron. Metals hv lower Ionization, nonmetals hv higher ionization
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