Lecture Unit 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Composition of Blood | PLASMA-water, proteins, & other solutes. 55%. FORMED ELEMENTS-Buffy Coat. Leukocytes & thrombocytes. <1%. Erethrocytes-(RBCs) 44%.
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| Hematocrit | % of blood volume made of RBCs. Can vary w/ hormone changes and altitude. Males: 42-56%. Females: 38-46%.
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| Blood Doping | Athlete donates RBCs to himself. Removed and stored. Body replaces lost. Injected back in increasing hematocrit. Can also be done w/ Erythropoietin (EPO) increases RBC production. Dangerous.
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| Functions of Blood | TRANSPORTATION: O2 & CO2-RBCs. Nutrients, hormones, & waste-Plasma. REGULATION: Absorbs & distributes heat-Plas. Constrict/dilate-vessels. Regulates pH & fluid levels. PROTECTION: infection-WBCs. Transports antibodies-Plas. Forms blood clots-Platelets.
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| Blood Plasma | Mixture of water, proteins, & solutes. Serum is plasma w/o the clotting proteins (fibrinogen). Water makes up 92% of plasma volume. Facilitates trasport of materials in the plasma.
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| Plasma Proteins | 7%. Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Regulatory proteins.
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| Albumins | Most abundant plasma protein. Regulate osmosis between blood & interstitial fluid. Transport proteins & lipids. Keeps blood in blood vessels.
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| Globulins | Binds, supports, & protects water-insoluble hormones & ions. Antibodies (gamma globulins).
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| Fibrinogen | Converts into fibrin. Blood clot formation.
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| Regulatory proteins | Enzymes & hormones.
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| Erythrocytes (RBCs) | Not a true cell-no nucleus or organelles. Biconcave discs-allow gases to be loaded & unloaded. Filled w/ hemoglobin-transports O2, CO2. Rouleau-RBCs line up in single file as they pass through small vessels. Cant divide. Nucleus pops out. Erythropoesis.
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| Erythrocyte Life Cycle | 1.Form in red bone marrow. 2.Circulate in bloodstream for 120 days. 3.Phagocytized in the liver & spleen (not kidney). 4.Heme components recycled. 5.Proteins broken down & used to make new RBCs.
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| Blood Types-ABO group | Surface antigens identify blood type. ABO group: Antigen A & B. Blood type A, B, AB, or O. Antibodies against ABO antigen it does not contain.
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| Blood Types-Rh (D) blood group | Rh(D) antigen on RBCs. Blood type Rh+ or Rh-. Rh- individual doesn't develop antibodies unless exposed to Rh+ blood-birth or injury of Rh+ baby can sensitize Rh- mom against future Rh+ babies. RhoGAM prevents rejection in moms.
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| Blood Transfusions | Unsuccessful: agglutination or clumping occurs. Universal donor: O- ( no antigens). Universal recipient: AB+ ( no antibodies).
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| Erythrocyte disorders | Polycythemia, Anemia
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| Polycythemia | Too many erythrocytes in blood. Increase in viscosity of blood placing strain on heart. High BP. Therapeutic blood donations.
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| Anemia | Too few RBCs leads to low O2 levels. IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA-Lack of iron diet or chronic blood loss. SICKLE CELL DISEASE-Genetic.RBC is sickle shaped. Hemolysis. Platelets stick to rough edge.
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| Leukocytes (WBCs) | True cells-have nucleus & organelles. Larger than RBCs. Help initiate immune response & defend against pathogens. Function outside bloodstream.
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| Diapedesis | WBCs leave bloodstream & enter tissues. Squeeze between endothelial cells.
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| Chemotaxis | WBCs are attracted to site of infection by damaged cells, dead cell, or invading pathogens. Communication.
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| Types of Leukocytes | Granulocytes & Agranulocytes. Granny PHIL is A CYTE.
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| Granulocytes | Neutrophils-phagocytize infectious pathogens by secreting lysozyme. Eosinophils-Parasitic infections. Allergies. Basophils-Allergic reactions-histamine (allergy symps), heparine (inhibits clotting).
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| Agraonulocytes | Lymphocytes-in lymphatic tissue. produce immune response. B & T lymphocytes. Monocytes-phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, & debris.
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| Abnormal WBC Count | Normal: 5,000-10,000 per microliter of blood. Leukocytosis-high WBC count=infection, inflammation, extreme stress. Leukopenia-Low WBC count-viral or bacterial infections.
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| Leukemia | Cancer in the leukocyte-forming cells. Proliferation of abnormal leukocytes. Cancer cells take over bone marrow & slow production of erythrocytes & thrombocytes. Causes anemia & bleeding.
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| Thrombocytes | AKA Platelets. Cell-fragments of megakaryocytes. Live for 8-10 days. Stick to any rough edge.
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| Blood clots form from: | Fibrin (from fibrinogen) makes a web, & Thrombocytes stick.
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| Clotting Disorders | Thrombocytopenia-Abnormally low concentration of platelets. Results from damage to bone marrow, chemotherapy, leukemia, or over active spleen. Hemophilia-Lack of clotting factors. Usually acquired genetically.
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| Hemopoiesis (Hematopoiesis) | Production of formed elements-erethropoiesis, thrombopoiesis, leukopoiesis. Occurs in red marrow. Erythropoietin (EPO) made by the kidney to control RBC production. Hemopietic stem cells form all blood cells.
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| Mesenchyme, Hemocytoblast | Mesenchme is common origin for stem cell. Hemocytoblast is blood stem cell.
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| Myeloid line | Normoblast, nucleus ejected, Reticulocyte, organelles ejected, Erythrocyte. Megakaryocyte, Platelets.
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| Lymphoid line | Lymphoid stem cell to B-lymphblast & T-lymphblast to B-lymphcyte & T-lymphocyte.
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