Bones & Skeletal Tissues
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| growth from outside; cartilage forming cells in perichondrium form new matrix; growth accomplished by addition of new layers onto those previously formed | appositional
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| growth from within; chondrocytes inside cartilage divide & secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within | interstitial
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| cartilage growth ends during | adolescence
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| hyaline , elastic & fibrocartilage are all | skeletal cartilages
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| bones that are longer than they are wide; has shaft plus 2 ends; | long bones
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| all limb bones are long bones except | carpal, tarsal bones & patellar
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| cube-shaped bones of wrist & ankle | short bones
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| type of short bones that form within tendons (e.g. patella) | sesamoid bones
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| thin, flattened bones; sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skull bones | flat bones
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| bones w/complicated shapes; vertebrae & hip bones | irregular bones
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| support, protect, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation | functions of bones
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| external surfaces of bones; show projections, depressions, openings, e.g. tubercle, spine, process, facet, foramen etc. | bone markings
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| bone markings are for attachment for | muscles, ligaments, & tendons
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| bone markings form __ __ | joint surfaces
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| bone markings are for __ of blood vessels & nerves | passage
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| dense outer layer, smooth & solid | compact bone
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| internal layer made of needle-like trabeculae | spongy/cancellous bone
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| shaft; composed of compact bone that surrounds medullary cavity which contains marrow | diaphysis of long bones
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| expanded ends; compact bone on outside & spongy bone on inside | epiphyses of long bones
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| joint surface of epiphyses, of long bones, covered w/__ cartilage | hyaline
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| where epiphysial plate used to be; btwn diaphysis & epiphyses | epiphyseal line of long bones
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| region where epiphysis & diaphysis meet (could be epiphyseal plate/line) | metaphysis of long bones
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| double-layered membrane; covers outer surface of bone, richly supplied w/nerve fibers, blood vessels | periosteum of long bones
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| periosteum, of long bones, have __ __ layer of connective tissue | outer fibrous
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| periosteum, of long bones, have __ __ layer, composed of osteoblasts & osteoclasts | inner osteogenic
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| originating in bone; development & formation of bone | osteogenic
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| delicate membrane covering, internal surfaces of bone; has osteoblasts & osteoclasts | endosteum of long bones
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| covered compact bone on outside w/endosteum covered spongy bone on inside | periosteum of short, irregular, & flat bones
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| short, irregular, & flat bones __ __ diaphysis, epiphyses, or medullary cavity | have no
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| short, irregular, & flat bones contain __ __ btwn trabeculae | bone marrow
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| bone marrow at birth is __ __ | red marrow
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| red marrow, in infants, is found in __ cavity of diaphysis | medullary
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| red marrow, in infants, is found in __ __ of spongy bone | all areas
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| red marrow, in adults, found in __ __ __ | spongy bone cavities
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| red marrow, in adults, found in __ of femur & humerus | head
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| medullary cavities, in adults, contain __ | fat
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| sites for obtaining red marrow samples for diagnosis | sternum & iliac crest
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| compact bone has __ system | Haversian
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| structural unit made of hollow tubes of matrix | osteon
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| one of bony concentric layers surrounding Haversian canals in bone | lamella of compact bone
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| runs through each osteon; contains blood vessels & nerves | central canal of compact bone
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| any of small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from periosteum into bone; lie perpendicular to & communicate w/Haversian canals | Volkmann's canal
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| Volkmann's canals connect blood & nerve supply of __ to that of __ __ | periosteum; central canals
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| osteocytes lie in __ at __ of lamellae, in compact bone | lacunae; junctions
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| one of hair-like channels ramifying a haversian system in bone & linking lacunae w/one another & w/Haversian, within compact bone | canaliculi
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| spongy bone composed of __, needle-like pieces of bone, w/spaces in btwn | trabeculae
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| trabeculae, of spongy bone, contain __ __ lamellae & osteocytes connected by canaliculi | irregularly arranged
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| no osteons present in __ bone | spongy
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| osteogenic cells are | stem cells
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| osteoblasts are | bone-forming cells
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| osteocytes are | mature bone cells
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| osteoclasts are | cells that resorb/break down bone
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| unmineralized bone matrix composed of ground substance & collagen fibers, organic cell | osteoid
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| mineral salts are __ | inorganic
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| 65% of bone mass is | mineral salts
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| mineral salts are mainly salts of | calcium phosphate
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| processes of bone tissue formation | osteogenesis & ossification
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| osteogenesis & ossification leads to formation of __ __ in embryos | bony skeleton
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| osteogenesis & ossification leads to __ __ until early adulthood | bone growth
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| osteogenesis & ossification leads to __ __ in adult life | bone thickness
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| osteogenesis & ossification leads to __ & __ in adult life | remodeling; repair
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| begins at 8th week embryonic development | formation of bony skeleton
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| bone develops from a fibrous membranes; relating to, formed by, or being ossification of a membrane | intramembranous ossification
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| bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; relating to, formed by, or being ossification that takes place from centers arising in cartilage | endochondral ossification
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| ossification that involves deposition of lime salts in cartilage matrix, followed by 2ndary absorption & replacement by true bony tissue | endochondral
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| __ ossification involved in formation of most of flat bones of skull, frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal & clavicles | intramembranous
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| intramembranous ossification begins by | 8th week of development
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| in intramembranous ossification, 1st spongy bone formed, then | gets enclosed by compact bone
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| all other bones of skeleton formed by endochondral ossification of __ __ __ | hyaline cartilage models
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| endochondral ossification begins by 8th week of development w/appearance of __ __ __ | primary ossification centers
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| __ skeleton ossifies in predictable timetable | embryonic
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| at birth, most long bones are well __, except for their __ which consists of cartilage | ossified; epiphyses
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| shortly after birth __ ossification centers appear | secondary
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| after birth, epiphyses __ | ossify
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| when 2ndary ossification is complete, in long bones hyaline cartilage remains as | articular cartilages & epiphyseal plates
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| cartilage on surface of epiphysis | articular cartilage
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| located at junction of epiphysis & diaphysis; unites it with shaft, and is site of longitudinal growth of bone | epiphyseal plate
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| during infancy & youth, long bones lengthen by interstitial growth of | cartilage of epiphyseal plate, which is being replaced by bone
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| during infancy & youth, appositional growth of bones from | osteoblasts beneath periosteum
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| as adolescence ends, growth of cartilage becomes __, | less
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| as adolescence ends, __ __ become thin | epiphyseal plates
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| as adolescence ends, epiphyseal plates & cartilage then | replaced by bone
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| when bones of epiphysis & diaphysis fuse; bone lengthening stops (18y in f & 21y in m) | epiphyseal plate closure
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| by age 25, nearly all bones are __ __ | completely ossified
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| in childhood, bone formation exceeds __ | resorption
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| in youth, bone formation & resorption are __ | balanced
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| after 40 years bone mass __ w/age | decreases
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| in old age, bone resorption __ | predominates
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| depends on gender, race, & genetics | bone mass
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| stimulates epiphyseal plate activity during infancy & childhood | growth hormone
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| initially promote growth spurts during puberty; cause masculinization & feminization of specific parts of skeleton; later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth | testosterone & estrogens
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| bone remodeling includes bone __ & __ | deposition; resorption
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| hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in blood; mechanical & gravitational forces acting on skeleton | control of remodeling
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| fall in blood Ca levels signal parathyroid glands to release | parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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| signals osteoclasts to resorb bone matrix & release Ca into blood | PTH
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| once __ __ levels rise, PTH secretion will decrease | blood Ca
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| rise in blood Ca2+ levels | triggers release of calcitonin
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| stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone, reducing blood Ca levels | calcitonin
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| effects of calcitonin are __ __ in adults | less important
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| bone grows/remodels in response to forces/demands placed upon it; bones become stronger where stresses are acting | Wolff’s law
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| reflects stresses bone is under | bone anatomy
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| long bones are thickest __ along shaft, where bending stress is greatest | midway
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| are thickest where they are most likely to buckle | curved bones
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| large, bony projections occur where | heavy, active muscles attach
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| position of bone ends after fracture | nondisplaced/ displaced
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| completeness of break | complete/incomplete
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| orientation of bone to long axis | linear/ transverse
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| whether or not bones ends penetrate skin | compound (open)/ simple (closed)
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| bone fragments into 3+ pieces; particularly common in aged, whose bones are more brittle | comminuted
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| bone is crushed; common in porous bone (osteoporotic bones) subjected to extreme trauma, as in fall | compression
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| ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone; common sports fracture | spiral
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| epiphysis separated from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate; tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying & calcification of matrix is occurring | epiphyseal fracture
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| broken bone portion is pressed inward; typical of skull fracture | depressed
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| bone breaks incompletely; only one side of shaft breaks, other side bends; common in children, whose bones have relatively organic matrix & are more flexible than adult's | greenstick fracture
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| stage in healing of bone fracture when torn blood vessels hemorrhage, mass of clotted blood forms at fracture site; site become swollen, painful, & inflamed | hematoma formation
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| few days after hematoma formation, __ __ forms | fibrocartilaginous callus
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| when fibrocartilaginous callus forms, __ __ appears which is a soft callus | granulation tissue
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| during fibrocartilaginous callus formation, __ __ begin cleaning debris | phagocytic cells
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| during fibrocartilaginous callus formation, __ & __ grow forming collagen & some cartilage matrix produced | capillaries; fibroblasts
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| new bone trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus, which converts into a bony (hard) callus & begins week after injury, continues until firm union is formed 2 months later - all during | bone callus formation
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| excess material on bone shaft exterior & in medullary canal removed & compact bone laid down to reconstruct shaft walls during | bone remodeling
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| bones of adults are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones; main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone; caused by insufficient calcium in diet, or by vitamin D deficiency | osteomalacia
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| bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing soft weakened bones; bowed legs & deformities of pelvis, skull, & rib cage are common; caused by insufficient calcium in diet, or by vitamin D deficiency; has been essentially eliminated in US | rickets
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| group of diseases in which bone resorption out-paces bone deposition; occurs most often in postmenopausal women | osteoporosis
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| in osteoporosis, spongy bone of spine is __ __ | most vulnerable
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| in osteoporosis, bones become so fragile that can __ __ | easily fracture
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| includes, calcium & vitamin D supplements, increased weight-bearing exercise, hormone (estrogen) replacement therapy (HRT) slows bone loss | osteoporosis treatment
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| skeletal cartilage is made of some variety of cartilage tissue, which consists | primarily of water
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| accounts for cartilage's resilience, or ability to spring back to original shape after being compressed | high water content
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| cartilage containing no nerves/blood vessels, surrounded by layer of dense irregular connective tissue called | perichondrium
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| articular, costal, respiratory, & nasal cartilages are made up of __ cartilage | hyaline
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| support external nose | nasal cartilage
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| for skeleton on larynx & reinforce respiratory passageways | respiratory cartilages
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| connect ribs to sternum | costal cartilages
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| cover ends of most bones at movable joints | articular cartilages
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| more flexible than hyaline cartilage; better able to stand up to repeated bending; found only in epiglottis & external ear | elastic cartilages
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| consist of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating w/thick collagen fibers; most compressible; resistant to stretch; forms vertebral discs & knee joint (menisci) cartilages | fibrocartilages
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| bones are named for their __ shape, not __ size | elongated; overall
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| some sesamoid bones alter __ of pull of a tendon | direction
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| because they contain various types of __ bones are __ | tissue; organs
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| blood cell formation | hematopoiesis
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| mature bone cells | osteocytes
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| location of red bone marrow | spongy bone
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| cartilage cells | chondrocytes
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| bone-forming cells | osteoblasts
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| shaft of a long bone | diaphysis
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| hollow space in the shaft | medullary cavity
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| expanded portion of the long bone at its ends | epiphysis
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| fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone | periosteum
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| thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity | endosteum
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| process of bone formation | osteogensis
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| replacement of connective tissue membranes with bony tissue | intramembranous ossification
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| replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue | endochondral ossification
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| growth region (in length) of the long bone | epiphyseal plate
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| growth of bone in diameter | appositional growth
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| narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes | canaliculi
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| basic functional unit of compact bone | osteon
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| tiny plates of bone material found in spongy bone | trabeculae
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| concentric rings that surround the Haversian canal | lamellae
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| perforating canals that carry interconnected blood vessels to the Haversian canal | Volkmann canals
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| structures contained in the central canal of an osteon | blood vessels
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| substance contained in the medullary cavity of bones in an adult | yellow bone marrow
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| substance contained in the spaces of the spongy bone | red bone marrow
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| The inorganic minerals contained in the intercellular matrix of bone | calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite)
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| hormone that functions to decrease the level of calcium in the blood | calcitonin
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| hormone that raises the level of calcium ions in the blood | parathyroid hormone
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| hormone that is used in hormone therapy to reduce osteoporosis | estrogen
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| elevated levels of a hormone that could cause premature closure of the epiphyseal plates | testosterone
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| hormone that is necessary for proper bone formation | thyroid hormone
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| painful infection of the bone often caused by bacteria | osteomyelitis
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| condition occurs with aging that causes a gradual reduction in bone mass | osteopenia
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| hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone would produce changes in the bone similar to those associated with this disorder | osteomalacia
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| condition causing bow legs in a child | rickets
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| painful condition that occurs when the bones become weak and thin and tend to fracture easily | osteoporosis
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| fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly and does not penetrate the skin | simple fracture
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| fracture that has broken ends of the bone protrude through the soft tissues and the skin | compound fracture
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| fracture in which the bone is crushed | compression fracture
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| fracture in which bone fragments into many pieces | comminuted fracture
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| long bone | femur of the leg
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| short bone | carpals of wrist
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| flat bone | sternum of breastbone
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| irregular bone | vertebrae of spinal column and hip bones
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| sesamoid bone | patella of knee
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| large, rough, rounded projections | tuberosity
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| crest | narrow ridge of bone
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| trochanter | very large, blunt, irregularly-shaped process
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| tubercle | small rounded projection or process
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| spine | sharp, slender, often pointed projection
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| bony expansion carried on a narrow neck | head
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| smooth, nearly flat articular surface | facet
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| rounded articular projection | condyle
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| arm-like bar of bone | ramus
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| meatus | canal-like passageway
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| sinus | cavity within a bone
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| fossa | shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
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| groove | furrow
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| fissure | narrow, slit-like opening
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| foramen | round or oval opening through a bone
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| formation of compact bone plates and red marrow | stage 4 of intramembranous ossification
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| formation of bone matrix within the fibrous membrane | stage 2 of intramembranous ossification
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| formation of an ossification center in the fibrous membrane | stage 1 of intramembranous ossification
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| formation of woven bone and the periosteum | stage 3 of intramembranous ossification
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| calcification of cartilage in the center of the diaphysis | stage 2 of endochondral ossification
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| formation of bone collar around the diaphysis of the hyaline model | stage 1 of endochondral ossification
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| ossification of the epiphysis | stage 5 of endochondral ossification
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| formation of the medullary cavity as ossification continues | stage 4 of endochondral ossification
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| invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation | stage 3 of endochondral ossification
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| cartilage cells undergo mitosis | stage 1 in growth of a long bone
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| dead cartilage cells appear; matrix begins deteriorating | stage 3 in growth of a long bone
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| ossification occurs on the epiphyseal plate next to the medullary cavity | stage 4 in growth of a long bone
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| cartilage cells undergo hypertrophy followed by calcification of the matrix | stage 2 in growth of a long bone
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| hyaline | most abundant skeletal cartilage
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| fibrocartilage | able to withstand large amounts of compression
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| elastic cartilage | located in the external ear and epiglottis
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| protection | function of the skeletal system that encloses brain and other soft organs
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| movement | function of the skeletal system that provides site of attachment for skeletal muscles
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| mineral storage | function of the skeletal system that provides calcium phosphate repository
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| hematopoiesis | function of the skeletal system that provides blood cell production
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| osteoblast | bone-building cell
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| osteoclast | bone-destroying cell
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| osteocyte | mature bone cell
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| bone stem cell | osteoprogenitor cell
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| diaphysis | primary ossification center
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| epiphysis | secondary ossification center
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| epiphyseal plate | site of length increase in long bones
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| endochondral ossification | process of long bone development
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| hematoma formation | caused by tearing of blood vessels in and around fracture site
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| fibrocartilage callus | activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts creates an overgrown splint around the fracture site
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| bony callus formation | trabeculae invade callus and begin to replace fibrous tissue
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| bone remodeling | excess bony material is removed from the external and internal surfaces of the diaphysis
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| lamellae | layers of bone
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| lacunae | cavities in bone where bone cells live
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| collagen | major organic fiber of bone
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| calcium phosphate | major inorganic component of bone
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| long bone | has length greater than width
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| short bone | equal length and width
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| irregular bone | bone with complex shape
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| flat bone | thin bone
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| sesamoid bone | ovoid bone found in tendon
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| osteoporosis | condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function
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| periosteum | does not cover sesamoid bones or the articular surfaces of bones, and it does not extend around tendon and ligament insertions on bone
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| intramembranous ossification | begins at approximately the eighth week of development; cells cluster within the mesenchymal membrane and become osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
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| estrogen | maintains normal bone mass by inhibiting the stimulatory effects of parathyroid hormone on osteoclast activity; in post menopausal women can cause osteoporosis
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| yellow bone marrow | bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids
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| osteocytes | mature bone cells that are embedded in the matrix
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| osteocytes | are contained in lacunae of bone
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| endochondral ossification | process of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to
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| compact bone and spongy bone | two types of osseous tissue
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| long bones have reached their adult length | when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone
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| intramembranous ossification | begins within a connective tissue membrane
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| fracture in the shaft of a bone would occur in the | diaphysis
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| interstitial growth | growth of a cartilage in which the chondrocytes within the matrix become active and proliferate
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| through canaliculi, | osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal
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| spongy bone does not contain | true osteons
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| bones in the long axis of the body make up | axial skeleton
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| avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it | characteristic of skeletal cartilage that limits its thickness
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| menisci of the knee are made of | fibrocartilage
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| chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within the cartilage | best describes interstitial growth of cartilage
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| __ bones act to alter the direction of tendon pull | sesamoid
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| vitamin D is not stored in | matrix of bones
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| anchors the periosteum to the underlying bone | perforating/Sharpey's fibers
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| site where bone marrow is routinely sampled in an adult | sternum
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| twisting of a long bone is prevented by | circumferential lamella
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| hydroxyapatite in bone matrix that gives bone its hardness is | primarily composed of calcium and phosphates
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| before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is | composed of fibrous membrane
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| rickets can occur when | breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient
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| collagen lends __ __ to bone matrix | flexible strength
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| provides the template of the eventual mature bone | cartilage model
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| excess __ __ prior to puberty would result in gigantism | growth hormone
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| growth hormone stimulates | skeletal and muscular growth and development
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| parathyroid hormone stimulates __ __ when the calcium level in the blood is low | osteoclast activity
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| some skull bones, part of the mandible, and the diaphyses of the clavicles | develop from membranes
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| secondary ossification centers | occur in the epiphyses
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| osteocytes are located | in the lacunae
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| calcitonin stimulates __ __ by drawing calcium ions from the blood and depositing them in the bone tissues | osteoblast activity
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| calcium | most abundant mineral in the human body
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| calcium is the __ __ that makes up the skeleton | major mineral
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| bone growth __ when the epiphyseal plate is present | continues
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| once the epiphyseal plate is replaced by the epiphyseal line | bone growth ceases
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| vitamin D is necessary for | absorption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions
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| osseous tissue is __ __ and heals readily | very vascular
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| appositional growth adds __ to the cartilage | girth
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| because their length is greater than width | metacarpals are long bones
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| increase in parathyroid hormone can cause bones to become | porous and brittle
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| PTH targets bone and | liberates calcium into the blood
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| sesamoid bones are a special type of | short bone that are usually found within tendons, which are made of dense connective tissue
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| spongy bone located in flat bones | special name diploe
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| appendicular skeleton includes | upper and lower limb bones
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| ribs belong to | axial skeleton
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| bones serve as a(n) __ __ of calcium | important reservoir
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| yellow marrow can revert to red marrow if | more red blood cells are needed by the body
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| Haversian system | structural unit of compact bone
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| spongy bone does not | contain osteons
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| collagen fibers do not | provide for bone hardness
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| endochondral ossification forms | majority of bones below the base of the skull
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| intermembranous ossification leads to | formation of cranial bones
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| hyaline cartilage can be found at epiphyseal plates | at the end of secondary ossification
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| in adolescence, the "growth spurt" that is observed is mainly attributed to a(n) | increase in sex hormones
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| when Ca2+ concentration in the blood becomes lower than normal | parathyroid hormone is released
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|
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| patient is brought to the emergency room with a broken bone. According to the x-ray, the bone is fragmented into three pieces | would be considered comminuted fracture
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|
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