Chapter 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| long bones | are longer than they are wide; they have a shaft and two ends; ex. humerus & femur
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| short bones | are almost as long as they are wide; they can be described as cube shaped; ex. wrist & ankle bones
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| sesamoid bones | a special kind of short bone; ex. patella
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| flat bones | are flat, thin and sometimes curved; ex. ribs & sternum (breastbone)
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| irregular bones | have various shapes and do not fit into the other categories; ex. vertebrae
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| diaphysis (dign-AFF-ih-sis) | the shaft of the long bone
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| compact bone | the external hard layer of bone that forms the hard outer shell
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| epiphysis (eh-PIFF-ih-is) | the end of the long bone, is often wider than the diaphysis
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| proximal epiphysis | upper end of the long bone
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| distal epiphysis | lower end of the long bone
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| epiphyseal line | the area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
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| articular cartilage | covers the end of the epiphysis and provides cushion during movement of the joint
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| periosterum | white membrane covering the bone except at the joint surface
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| yellow bone marrow | found in long bones, stores fat
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| red bone marrow | found in long bones, produces red blood cells
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| arthr/o | joint
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| chrondr/o | cartilage
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| clavicul/o | clavicle
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| coccyg/o | coccyx, tailbone
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| cost/o | rib
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| crani/o | skull
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| kyph/o | humpback
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| lamin/o | lamina, thin flat plate, part of vertebral arch
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| lord/o | swayback
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| lumb/o | lower back
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| metacarp/o | hand bones
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| metatars/o | foot bones
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| myel/o | bone marrow, or spinal cord
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| my/o | muscle
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| myos/o | muscle
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| muscul/o | muscle
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| oste/o | bone
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| pelv/o | pelvis, hipbone
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| rhin/o | nose
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| sacr/o | sacrum
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| scoli/o | crooked, bent, twisted
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| spondyl/o | vertebra
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| stern/o | sternum, breastbone
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| ten/o | tendon
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| tendin/o | tendon
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| vertebr/o | vertebra
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| algia | pain
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| blast | immature
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| clasis | surgical fracture
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| gram | record
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| graphy | technique or recording/making and xray
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| malacia | softening
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| olisthesis | slipping
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| oma | tumor, mass
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| osis | abnormal condition
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| plasty | surgical repair
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| scope | instrument to visually examine
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| scopy | process of visual examination
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| tomy | process of cutting, incision
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| trophy | nourishment/development
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| frontal/coronal plane | divides the body into front and back portions
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| sagittal plane | divides the body into left and right sections
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| transverse/axial plane | divides the body into upper and lower sections
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| anterior | structure or part is facing front
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| distal | body part farthest away from point of origin
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| dorsal | pertaining or referring to the back
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| inferior | toward the feet or below
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| lateral | away from midline of the body
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| medial | toward the midline or middle of the body
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| posterior | toward the back or pertaining to the back of the body
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| prone | lying face down on the abdomen
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| proximal | body part nearest the point of origin
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| superficial | near the surface
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| superior | toward the head, above
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| supine | lying face up on the back
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| ventral | pertaining to the front
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| axial | skeleton that is made up of the spinal column, skull & rib cage
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| appendicular | skeleton that is comprised of the bones of the arms, hands, legs, feet, shoulders & pelvis
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| frontal bone | forehead, acts as protection for the eyes and the brain
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| parietal bone | form the top and upper sides of the head
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| temporal bone | is on each of the head
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| occipital bone | forms the back and base of the head
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| maxilla | upper jaw bone
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| mandible | lower jaw bone and is the only moveable bone in the skull
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| zygomatic bone | cheekbones, also protect the outer part of the eyes
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| cervical vertebrae | the first seven vertebrae in the neck
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| thoracic vertebrae | twelve vertebrae of the spinal column
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| lumbar vertebrae | lower back vertebrae, there are five
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| sacrum/coccyx | result of the fusion of individual bones during childhood
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| coccyx | tailbone, the last section of the vertebrae
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| intervertebral disk | made of cartilage separates the vertebrae
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| humerus | the upper are bone
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| radius | lower arm bone on the thumb side
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| ulna | lower are bone on outer side (little finger side)
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| carpals | wrist bone
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| metacarpals | bones in the palm of the hand
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| phalanges | bones of the fingers and toes
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| phalanx | individual section of the fingers bones
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| clavicle | collarbone
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| scapula | shoulder blade
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| femur | thighbone, longest bone in the body
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| tibia | larger lower leg bone, shin bone
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| fibula | smaller, slender bone of the lower leg
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| patella | kneecap
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| tarsals | ankle bones
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| calcaneus | heel bone
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| metatarsals | bones of the foot
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| fracture | injury to a bone where the tissue of a bone is broken
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| greenstick fracture | fracture of a bone that may crack under pressure but not break entirely
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| simple/closed fracture | closed fracture when the bone breaks completely, the skin remains intact
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| compound/open fracture | occurs when the bone protrudes through the skin
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| impacted fracture | bone fractures and the ends are wedged into each other
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| comminuted fracture | more than one fracture line in a bone
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| spiral fracture | sever corkscrew twisting of a bone
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| Colle's fracture | fracture just above the wrist, at the distal end of the radius; occurs often in children after falling on outstretched hand
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| pathological fracture | fracture occurring due to an underlying disease process that weakens the bone
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| lordosis (lord/o = swayback; osis = abnormal condition) | exaggerated forward curve of the lumbar section of the vertebral column
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| kyphosis (kyph/o = humpback; osis = abnormal condition) | outward curvature of the upper section of the vertebral column
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| scoliosis (scoli/o = crooked or bent; osis = abnormal condition) | lateral curvature of the spinal column usually in the thoracic region
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| herniated disk | the intervertebral disk ruptures causing it to protrude, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots. Also called slipped disk or ruptured disk.
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| myleoma | tumor of the bone marrow
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| osteomalacia | softening of the bone
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| osteoporosis | loss of bone mass or bone density
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| osteosarcoma | malignant tumor of the bone
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| spondylitis | inflammation of the vertebrae
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