Micro Exam 3
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| opportunistic pathogen | can cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they b/c established in a part of the body not known to them
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| 2 examples of opportunistic pathogens are | candida albicans and pseudomonas
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| nosocomial infections | are not present upon admission to a hospital but are incurred during treatment there
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| 5 major symptoms of inflammation | fever, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
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| exotoxins that lyse RBC's are called | hemolysins
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| what host protein maintains a low availability of iron in the body? | transferrin
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| two phagocytic cell types | neutrophils & macrophages
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| immunogloblin produced during the primary response | IgM
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| which type of vaccine has a capsular polysaccharide linked to a protein antigen? | conjugated
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| which bacterial toxin produces only gram negative bacteria? | Endotoxin
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| how do Salk and Sabin polio vaccines differ? | Salk;injectable (IPV) inactivated (dead)::::Sabin attenuated (live) oral=sabin provides protection through the blood stream and through the mucosa at portals of entry and exit
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| What do the polio vaccines have in common? | both eliminate polio in the individual
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| When you have alternatives, why choose one over the other? | in the case of polio vaccination Salk vaccine provides individual protection; but Sabin vaccine allows protection for masses b/c portals of entry and exit are targeted, Sabin prevents epidemics
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| DTaP vaccine is for= | Diptheria, Tetanus,and acellular Pertussis
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| provide 3 examples of how the two available flu vaccines differ | Flumist;nasal spray, attenuated vaccine, alternative to injection, only recommended for healthy adults, more expensive::::Fluzone=injection, inactivated, least expensive of the two options
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| what is a conjugated vaccine? | (blank)
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| two reasons conjugated vaccines are used to protect against infant meningitis= | (blank)
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| Three attributes of skin that make it your best defense against infection | keratinized (waterproof), provides barrier when intact, contains normal flora bacteria, is naturally acidic
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| two approaches to prevent vector transmission that do not include vaccination or chemotherapy | insect spray, eliminate sources of standing water
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| Endotoxins are | gram negative,
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| Modes of transmission | air, contact, vector, vehicle
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| resp droplets | air
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| unprotected sex, kissing | contact
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| ticks, fleas | vector
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| contaminated blood transfusion | vehicle
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| two ways individuals acquire normal flora | colonized at birth through the birth canal, then through breast milk, bottles, contact with people and objects
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| artificial active immunity | childhood imm's
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| artificial passive | temporary immunity achieved by iv administration of antibiotics
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| natural active immunity | infection and recovery = long term immunity -example is chicken pox
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| natural passive immunity | mother to baby thought placenta; short lived
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| B lymphocytes | antigenic stimulation causes cells to differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies that recognize foreign antigens
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| cytotoxic T cells | antigenic stimulation causes cells to release destructive enzymes to lyse host cells that are infected by viruses or intracellular bacteria
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| helper T cells | upon stimulation by APC's cells differentiate into effector cells that coordinate the immune response by stimulating other immune cells with chemical messengers called cytokines
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| examples of diseases that can persist as bacterial latency are | TB & syphilis
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| chicken pox & cold sores are examples viral latency-when the virus reemerges it is in the form of | shingles
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| WBC's Defense System | basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
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| basophils | triggers inflammation response
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| basophils are filled with | granules containing histamines
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| basophils move into tissue by | diapedesis and b/c mast cells
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| Eosinophils are associated with | inflammation and allergies
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| eosinophils attack and destroy | eukaryotic pathogens
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| Eosinophils are present in the | bone marrow and spleen
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| eosinophils have a ----nucleus | bi lobed
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| Neutrophils circulate | in the bloodstream and tissues
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| Neutrophils nucleus is | horseshoe shaped or polymorphic
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| In the inflammatory process Neutrophils are the | first responders
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| Neutrophils phagocytize | bacteria
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| Leukocytes in the WBC defense system are | Granulocytic
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| In the WBC defense system MTB's are | a'granulocytic
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| Exotoxins are secreted | from living cells and disrupt intracellular function
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| Exotoxins may originate in | gram - or gram + cells
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| Exotoxins are toxic in | minute amounts; they are deadly
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| Exotoxins target | specific cell types=blood, liver and nerves
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| Diseases caused by exotoxins are | diphtheria, botulism, tetanus
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| Exo | Ex(o)=outside
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| Exogenous infections | originate from a source outside the body. May gain access through any of the normal portals of entry or may be an insect bite, scrape or cut in the skin
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| Endo | (en)=inside
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| endogenous infections originate | within an organism or its part. endogenous infections can occur when NF is introduced to a previously sterile site. EX is when E. coli enters the bladder and results in a UTI
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| Endotoxins are actually a | LPS chemical found in the outer membrane of a gram negative cell wall
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| Endotoxins are released | by dead cells-may be toxic in large amounts
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| Endotoxins are only produced by | gram negative bacteria
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| Endotoxins produce_______ effect. | a systemic effect=inflammation, fever
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| Endotoxins in blood can lead to | fatal exotoxic shock OR salmonella, shigella, E. coli, N. meningitidis
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| Monocytes are | agranulocytic; they are attracted to the site of inflammation and differentiate into macrophages to clean up
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| T-cells originate in the | bone marrow and migrate to the thymus to await their calling
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| Exotoxins can be converted into | a toxoid for vaccine purposes
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| modes of transmission | vector, vehicle, contact, air
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| Air | respiratory droplets
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| contact | unprotected sex, kissing
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| vehicle | contaminated blood
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| vector | ticks, fleas
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| MHC | major histocompatablilty complex
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| It's role is to -- | distinguish self from non self
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| MHC-1 | self, all nucleated cells
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| MHC-2 | non self, macrophages, dendritic cells
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| analogy for MHC | wearing team uniforms
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| what is a conjugated vaccine | a vaccine consisting of more than one antigen. For example, the MMR vaccine is a conjugated vaccine consisting of antigens specific for measles, mumps, and rubella.
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