BIO345- Lecture 3
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| What does Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium demonstrate? | The persistence of allele frequencies over time
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| What did Dobzhansky do? | Linked mechanism (ns) w
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| What happened in 1952? | The discovery of the significance and structure of DNA
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| When did the ability to sequence DNA come about? | 1960s
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| Allele | a different form of a gene
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| Genotype | the specific allele combinations in an individual
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| Phenotype | The observed traits of an individual affected by both genotype and environment
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| Does natural selection operate on genotype or phenotype? | Phenotype
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| What are 3 ways to describe genotypes? | Homozygous, heterozygous, hemizygous
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| Homozygous (aka ?) | aka “true breeding”- Both alleles are the same
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| Heterozygous | A genotype that has 2 different alleles
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| Hemizygous | A haploid genotype- there is only 1 allele present
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| What are 4 ways to describe phenotype? | dominant, recessive, incomplete dominance, codominance
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| Dominant | A given allele is expressed
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| Recessive | A given allele is masked
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| Incomplete dominance | phenotype is intermediate (~pink)
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| Codominance | Both alleles are expressed (intermediate- ~red & white)
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| How do we get blood type? | A transferase creates specific glycoproteins that act as antigens and are placed on the cell's surface; These antigens give you your blood types (A antigens = type A, no antigens = type O)
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| What are the 4 blood types? | A (A glycoprotein), B (B glycoprotein), AB (both A & B glycoproteins), O (no recognizable glycoprotein)
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| How many alleles are there for blood type? | 3 (A, B, & O)
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| At what gene locus is blood type? | Transferase
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| How many genotypes are there for blood type? | 6 (A, AO, B, BO, AB, OO)
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| How many phenotypes are there for blood type? | 4 (A, AB, B, O)
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| How are genotypes translated into phenotypes? | Replication, transcription, & translation
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| Replication | The process by which DNA is copied
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| Transcription | The process by which information in DNA is transferred into messenger RNA (mRNA); mRNA is created in the nucleus & must be transported to the cytoplasm where ribosomes await
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| Translation | The process by which information in mRNA is utilized to create proteins on ribosomes
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| Why are there different genotypes? | Mutation
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| Mutation | An inherited change in the DNA
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| Does order of the nucleotides matter and why? | Yes- specific nucleotide sequences make up specific amino acids which help to create a protein
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| What are the two major types of mutations? | Micromutations and macromutations
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| What are the 4 types of micromutations? | Synonymous, missense, nonsense, frameshift
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| Synonymous mutation | A change in a nucleotide base doesn't cause a change in an amino acid [sequence]
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| Missense mutation | A change in a nucleotide base causes a change in amino acid [sequence]
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| Frameshift mutation | A change in amino acid sequence occurs following the insertion of one nucleotide base
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| Nonsense mutation | When a nucleotide mutation causes a stop codon to be translated and there is premature termination of protein synthesis
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| Which of the four micromutations have the least impact on phenotype? | Synonymous (no change in amino acid sequence)
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| Which of the four micromutation shave the greatest impact on phenotype? | Frameshift & nonsense
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| What are the four types of macromutations? | Deletions, duplications, Inversions, & Reciprocal Translocations
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| Deletion | ABCDEFG → ABEFG
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| Duplication | AB\CDEFG + ABCD\EFG → AB\EFG + ABCDCDEFG
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| Inversion | ABCDEFG → ABEDCFG
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| Reciprocal translocation | AB\CDEFG + HIJKL\MNOP → ABMNOP + HIJKLCDEFG
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| What are 3 types of posttranslational processing? | Proteolysis, glycosylation, & phosphorylation
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| Proteolysis | In creating a protein the mRNA is spliced
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| Glycolysation | In creating a protein the mRNA has sugar added to it
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| Phosphorylation | In creating a protein the mRNA has phosphate added to it
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| What happens after posttranslational processing? | Proteins are assembled into functional molecules (like hemoglobin, a tetramer)
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