BIO345- Lecture 1
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| What does scientific advancement require? | Accumulating knowledge through experimentation
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| What's evolutionary biology? | The science devoted to answering 1) Adaptation (How populations change through time in response to modification of their environment), 2) Diversity (How new species come into being)
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| Why isn't religion a science? | Religion's a strong belief in a supernatural power, and the existence of a supernatural power isn't objectively verifiable
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| What's induction and why doesn't science advance through it? | Induction's when you derive general principles from particular facts or instances, but induction can lead to incorrect conclusion (like the earth being flat because we can't see it curve).
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| How does science advance and what's induction's role in science? | Science advances through deductive reasoning (conclusions follow from stated premises), aka the scientific method. Induction's used to create hypotheses that can be tested through experimentation.
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| Describe the scientific method. | 1) Hypothesis, 2) Test, 3) Predictions, 4) Conclusions
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| How can you get a theory? | When you continually test a hypothesis without rejection
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| What's a theory? | A hypothesis or group of related hypotheses that have survived being tested a great many times in a number of different ways.
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| What was Ptolemy's theory of the solar system? | That the earth was the center of the solar system.
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| What was Copernicus's theory of the solar system? | That the sun was the center of the solar system.
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| What did Galileo do? | Further confirmed and supported Copernicus's theory of the sun being the center of the solar system
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| What are three theories of the origin of biodiversity? | Creationism, transformism, & organic evolution
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| What's Creationism? | There are independent origins for each form (and no change), but extinction and multiple episodes are allowed.
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| What's Transformationism? | The number of species remains constant, they just simply change
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| What's “Organic evolution?” | “descent with modification”- There are inherited changes in populations of organisms which leads to differences among them
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| What's the problem with creationism and transformationism? | They don't produce testable predictions, so this can't lead to scientific progress.
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| What's the best explanation for all birds having wings and all mammals having hair? | These features were inherited from a common ancestor
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| What's one wait to explain why pests become resistant to pesticides and why the flu becomes worse every year? | Adaptation
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| What are the 3 implications of evolution? | 1) Common inheritance links all organisms in a heirarchy of life, 2) Life as we know it has been around long enough for diversity to accumulate, & 3) All evolutionary phenomena explained by natural laws (like gravity) aren't special in creation
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| What are 3 reasons we study evolution? | 1) Curiosity, 2) It allows us to understand why certain features have come into existence (like sprained ankles swelling), & 3) to preserve biodiversity
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| Explain “Scalae Naturae” | In the middle ages, religious overtones were incorporated into evolutionary theory, so this led to the belief in there being an order in life that reflected the progression of creation (with humans on top).
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| What are Lamarck's Laws? | The principle of use and disuse & the inheritance of acquired characteristics
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| What was the significance of Lyell's “Principles of Geology?” | It focused on Unitarianism- that the forces of nature are constant and have existed for all time
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| What was the significance of Malthus's “Essay on Populations”? | It explained that more people were produced than there were resources available, so so this is why there's poverty & disease
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| Describe Darwin's trip and its significance | Lyell's “Principles of Geology”, unusual land formations, & Finch bill variation. Used Malthus's “Essay on Populations,” to put together the idea of evolution by natural selection
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| Explain Darwin's idea of “evolution by natural selection.” | Reproductive ability + limited resources -> struggle for existence [+heritable variation] -> natural selection [+changing environments] -> evolution
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| What's natural selection? | The persistence of adaptive traits
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| What's evolution? | Differences in species due to adaption
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| Why was Darwin's theory of evolution significant this time? |
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| How was Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection received outside of the religious community? | Evolution was readily accepted, natural selection wasn't
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| Explain Lamarck's 1st law- the principle of use & disuse | Organisms have a drive to improve, and more frequent use strengthens and enlarges while less use diminishes
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| Explain Lamarck's 2nd law- the inheritance of acquired characteristics | Acquired characteristics are preserve
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| What's the idea behind spermists | It's a mode of inheritance where the entire baby's included in the sperm
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| What's the idea behind blending inheritance? | It's a mode of inheritance where the offspring inherits a mixture of traits from the parents (like blending paint)
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| What's adaptation? | How populations change through time in response to modification of their environment
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| What's diversity? | How new species come into being
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| What's reason 1 about why natural selection wasn't readily received outside of the religious community, and what was Darwin's response? | People thought the age of the earth was a lot younger than was needed to create the diversity Darwin proposed; Darwin had no answer to this
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| What's reason 2 about why natural selection wasn't readily received outside of the religious community, and what was Darwin's response? | People thought that the mode of inheritance was through spermists or blended inheritance, and neither of these would allow for Darwin's idea of the persistence of favorable traits; Darwin's answer=pangenesis (tested & rejected)-> rediscovered Mendels laws
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| Explain the idea behind pangenesis. | Small atomic particles (gemmules) are derived from parents' tissues, incorporated into gametes, and transmitted to the progeny
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| What's reason 3 about why natural selection wasn't readily received outside of the religious community, and what was Darwin's response? | People thought that diversity was created by mutations of large effect, but Darwin proposed that there was selection of mutations of small effect (& if this was it, we should expect to see intermediate structures, & we do)
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