Pharmfinal.
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| What two antibiotics can undergo chelation and irreversibly bind to Al/Mg/Ca/Fe containing medications causing a reduced amount of the drug being absorbed? | Tetracycline doxycycline
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| What is the effect when two drugs combine and you get equal responses of the drug (1+1=2) | Addative
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| What is the effect when two drugs combine and you get an enchanced effect (1+0=2) | Potentiation
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| After how many half-lives will you reach steady state? | 4-5
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| Which is a prodrug (which doesn't have activity until its metabolized in the liver): Lisinopril or enalapril? | enalapril.
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| What is the prodrug that when applied to the cornea gets converted to amfenac, a NSAID | nepafenac
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| What is the definition for drugs that undergo metabolism via phase 1 reactions? | drugs are oxidized/reduced to a more polar form
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| What is the definition for drugs that undergo metabolism via phase 2 reactions? | A polar molecular group is conjugated to the drug, which increases its polarity.
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| What are the phase 1 oxidation reactions? (4) | Dealkylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, polarizing atom exchange
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| What are the phase 1 reduction reactions? (2) | Azo-reduction, nitro-reduction
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| Which is a prodrug (which doesn't have activity until its metabolized in the liver): Lisinopril or enalapril? | enalapril.
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| What is the prodrug that when applied to the cornea gets converted to amfenac, a NSAID | nepafenac
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| What is the definition for drugs that undergo metabolism via phase 1 reactions? | drugs are oxidized/reduced to a more polar form
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| What is the definition for drugs that undergo metabolism via phase 2 reactions? | A polar molecular group is conjugated to the drug, which increases its polarity.
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| What are the phase 1 oxidation reactions? (4) | Dealkylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, polarizing atom exchange
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| What are the phase 1 reduction reactions? (2) | Azo-reduction, nitro-reduction
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| What are the phase 2 reactions? (5) | Glucuronide conjugation, ethereal sulfate conjugation, acetylation, transulfuration, glutathione conjugation
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| What is the term for the amount of drug required to produce 50% of the maximal response? This term is used to compare drugs in the same class. | Drug potency
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| What is the term for the degree to which a drug is able to produce maximal effects(1 drug might need 10mg to reduce BP by 10 and drug 2 might need 100mg to produce the same amount. This term is used to compared drugs with different methods of action. | drug efficacy
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| What is the pregnancy category where animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk, and there have been no studies in women? | B
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| What is the pregnancy category where there are adverse effects in animal studies, but no studies have occured in women, or no studies are available? | C
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| What is the pregnancy category where human fetal risk exists, but it might be used if the mom is in a life-threatening situation. | D
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| Phenylephrine should not be used within 21 days of what? | MOA-inhibitor
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| If a patient uses methimazole, what are they being treated for? | Hyper-thyroidism
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| If a patient uses methimazole what should you look for in the eye | bleeding episodes
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| What is the drug of choice for hypo-thyroidism? | levothyroxine
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| What are the ADEs of levothyroxine? | chest pain, diarrhea, leg cramps, appetite change, tremor, headache, irritabiliy, insomnia, change in sensitivity to heat, fast/irregular heart rate.
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| What are the 4 fast acting insulins? | Aspart, lispro, glulisine, regular
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| What are the 2 long activing insulins? | Glargine, detemir
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| What are two drugs for type 2 diabeties that can cause changes in accomodation and blurred vision? | glipizide, glimepiride
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| What is a drug for type 2 diabeties which works by improving insulin sensitivity and is used for pre-diabetics as well? | metformin
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| What is a drug for diabeties that can cause macular edema and decreased visual acuity? | Pioglitazone
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| What are the ADEs of pioglitazone? | edema, weight gain, induce CHF, tooth disorders, headache, myalgia, sinusitis, anemia.
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| What are 2 drugs for asthma/COPD/emphysema which are B2 adrenergic receptor agonists? | albuterol, pirbuterol
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| What is a drug for COPD that can cause blurred vision and should be used in caution with people with narrow angle glaucoma? | tiotropium
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| corticosteroids such as prednisone cause what in the eye? | blurred vision and an increase in IOP.
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| What are two drugs for asthma that can cause blurred vision and an increase in IOP and an increased risk of oral thrush? | flunisolide, fluticasone
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| Which drug for asthma can cause strange headaches and should be cautioned in kids/teens because it can increase the risk for suicide? | montelukast
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| What 4 bacteria have no cell wall? | legionella, rickettsiae, chlamydia, mycoplasma
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| What is the lowest in-vitro concentration of an antibiotic that prevents/inhibits growth of bacteria? | minimum inhibitory concentration
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| What causes blepharitis? | Staph aureus, staph epidermis, seborrhea, dry eye, rosacea
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| What causes a hordeolum? | Staph aureus
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| What causes bacterial conjunctivitis? | Staph aureus, strep pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae, N. gonorrheae, C. trachomatis
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| What causes bacterial keratitis? | Staph aureus, staph epidermis, strep pneumoniae, listeria, group A strep, enterobacteriaceae
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| What causes viral conjunctivitis? | Herpes simplex, adenovirus
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| what causes viral keratitis? | Herpes simplex, varicella-zoster
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| How do penecillins inhibit bacteria? | inhibit cell wall synthesis
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| What is dicloxacillin useful against? | strep and staph
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| What is amoxicllin useful against? | strep, staph, listeria, few gram negative rods and cocci
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| What is amoxicllin not useful against? | pseudomonas
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| How do tetracyclines inhibit bacteria? | inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30-s ribosome
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| What are tetracyclines useful against? | some gram positive, listeria, some gram negative like meningitidis, ligionella,. Good for mycoplasm, chlamydia, rickettsia.
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| ODs should only prescribe tetracycline for what? | chlamydial (trachoma) inclusion conjunctivitis
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| How do macrolides inhibit bacteria? | inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 50-s ribosome
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| What are macrolides good at treating? | mycoplasm, chlamydia, rickettsia, clostridia.
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| What do macrolides have some activity against? | Group streps, pneumoniae, MSSA, listeria, meningitidis, catarrhalis, influenzae, legionella
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| What is azithromycin limitied to treating in california? | eyelid infections and chlamydial disease
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| What are the ADEs of macrolides? | hepatitis, jaundice, renal complications, GI, ototoxicity, allergic reactions
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| macrolides should not be given to a patient also taking what? | blood thinners
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| What is clonidine used for? | HT
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| What can clonidine cause in the eye? | blurred vision, conjunctivitis, dry eye
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| What is doxazosin used for? | HT
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| What is terazosin used for? | HT
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| What is tamsulosin used for? | HT
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| What three drugs can cause blurred vision and conjunctivitis in the eye but not dryness? | terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin
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| What is a direct vasodilator used for HT? | hydralazine
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| What are four beta blockers used for HT? | carvedilol, sotalol, metoprolol, atenolol
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| What are the uses of beta blockers? | HT, arrhythmias, angina, glaucoma, migranes, MI prevention, CHF maintenance
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| What is diltiazem used for? | HT, angina, tachycardia
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| What is amlodipine used for? | HT, angina, tachycardia
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| name 2 calcium channel blockers | amlodinpine, diltiazem
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| What is lisinopril used for? | HT, CHF MI
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| What is an ace-inhibitor that can cause blurry vision? | lisinopril
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| What is losartan used for? | HT
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| What is valsartan used for? | HT
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| Name 2 ARBs that can cause conjunctivitis and blurred vision | losartan, valsartan
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| Name 3 thiazide diuretics | hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, chlorthalidone
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| What is hydrochlorothiazide used for? | edema, HT
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| What two types of diuretics can cause blurred vision? | Loop and osmotic
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| What is furosemide for? | Edema, HT
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| What is torsemide for? | edema, HT
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| What two loop drugs can cause blurred vision? | torsemide, furosemide
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| Name the 3 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | brinzolamide, acetazolamide, dorzolamide
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| What is acetazolamide for? | edema, mountain sickness, HT
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| What is dorzolamide for? | edema, mountain sickness, HT
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| What is brinzolamide for? | edema, mountain sickness, HT
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| What type of classes are brinzolamide, acetazolamide, dorzolamide? | carbonic anydrase inhibitors
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| What three drugs can cause transient myopia? | brinzolamide, acetazolamide, dorzolamide
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| What can mannitol be used for? | acute glaucoma, reduce intracranial pressure, diuresis, reduce renal toxicity in chemo drugs
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| In what type of patients should thiazide diuretics be cautioned? | diabetics, gout, or hypercholesterolemia
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| What are the uses of warfarin? | deep vein thrombosis, atrial fibrilation, pulmonary embolism, heart valve replacement, ishemic or rheumatic heart disease
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| Warfarin effects are reversed by what? | vitamin k
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| What are the uses of asprin or NSAIDs? | reduces risk of AMI, stroke, TIAs. Also as an anti-inflammatory or analgesic.
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| How does aspirin/NSAIDs work? | inhibit platelet aggregation.
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| What can happen in the eye sometimes with aspirin/NSAIDs? | blurry vision or visual disturbances
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| List common NSAIDs (8) | diclofenac, nepafenac, bromfenac, meloxicam, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, ketorolac, naproxen
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| What is cholestyramine for? | hyperlipidemia
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| What is fenofibrate for? | hyperlipidemia
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| What are 3 HMG-COA reductase inhibitors? | atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin
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| What are HMG-COA reductase inhibitors for? | hyperlipidemia
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| What are the ADEs of HMG-COA reductase inhibitors? | myalgia, diarrhea, rhabdomyolysis, headache, rash, GI, dizziness
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| What is nitroglycerin for? | Angina
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| What is isosorbide for? | Angina
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| What is mononitrate for? | angina
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| What is monoket for? | angina
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| What are 2 generic types of drugs that work against angina? | beta-blockers, calcium channel antagonists
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| what is the drug of choice for acute angina? | nitroglycerin
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| What can happen in the eye if you have a patient on nitroglycerin? | blurred vision
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| What can happen in the eye if you have a patient on isosorbide, mononitrate, monoket? | blurred vision
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| What is digoxin for? | congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation/flutter/tachycardia
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| How does digoxin work? | Inhibits NA/KATPas, increases CA influx, increases AV node sensitivity to vagal inhibition
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| What can happen in the eye if you have a patient on digoxin? | blurred or yellow vision
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| What are the ADEs of digoxin? | N/V dizziness, lethargy, bradycardia, tachycardia, mental changes, blurred or yellow vision
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| Is digoxins therapeutic window large or small? | small
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| What are three types of drugs that are used for congestive heart failure? | beta blockers, Ace-inhibitors, vasodilators
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| nitroglycerine, carvedilol and lisinopril are all key examples in the treatment of what? | congestive heart failure
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| Beta 2 receptors are located where? | vascular smooth muscle, bronchi, liver
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| domapinergic receptors are located where? | renal and mesenteric vasculature
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| phenylephrine works on which adrenergic receptors? | alpha
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| phenylephrine causes what type of pharmacologic effects? | peripheral vasoconstriction
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| Propafenone is used for what? | atrial arrhythmias
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| propafenone can cause what in the eye? | Blurred vision
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| Which beta blocker is also really good at fixing tachycardia and atrial arrhythmias? | metoprolol
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| what can amiodarone cause in the eye? | corneal micordeposits in 90% of people and visual distrubances in less than 10% of people, and halos and optic neuritis can be reported.
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| What is amiodarone used for? | atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias
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| What thing in optical would it be good to recommend for patients on amiodarone? | UV sunglasses because iodine can cause photosensitivity and blue/gray skin pigmentation
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| What is sotalol used for? | ventricular tachycardia and HT
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| Sotalol can cause what in the eye? | visual problems in 5% of people
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| What is morphine used for? | severe pain, anxiety of AMI, acute pulmonary edema
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| What are the side effects of oxycodone and hydrocodone? | blurred vision, diplopia, miosis, nystagmus, depression, sedation, cardiac changes, dizziness, itchying, constipation, nausea, urinary retention
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| What type of pain is oxycodone used for? | moderate to severe
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| What type of pain is hydrocodone used for? | moderate
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| Why is codine different than morphine? | Its a prodrug
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| What are the side effects of codine? | depression, itching, dizziness, constipation, nausea, blurry vision, diplopia
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| What is fentanyl used for? | preoperative/anesthetic agent
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| What are the ocular side effects of fentanyl? | miosis, blurred vision, diplopia, nystagmus
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| What is tramadol used for? | moderate to severe chronic pain
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| How does tramadol work? | binds to mu-opiate receptors in CNS to inhibit ascending pain pathways
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| What is a trade name for acetaminophen? | tylenol
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| What is acetaminophen used for? | reduces pain and fever.
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| How is acetaminophen cleared? | Liver
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| What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen? | blocks pain impulse and inhibits hypothalamic heat-regulating center
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| Ibuprofen and naproxen can cause what ADEs? | GI, blood dyscrasias, visual disturbances
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| What is ibuprofen and naproxen used for? | arthritis, analgesia, antipyresis, inflammation, dysmenorrhea
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| What can happen in a patients eye that is on topical ketorolac? | corneal thinnng and erosion
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| What are two common corticosteroids used for acute asthma and COPD? | prednisone, methylprednisolone
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| If a patient is on celecoxib what can that cause in the eye? | blurred vision, cataracts, conjunctival hemorrhage, conjunctivitis, pain, increased IOP, vitreous floaters
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| With all corticosteroids, what are the increased risks? (4) | infection, cataracts, corneal/scleral performation, glaucoma
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| What is cyclobenzaprine used for? | reduces somatic motor activity
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| What are skeletal muscle relaxants for? | strains and sprain mostly along neck and spine or cerebral palsy
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| What are 4 skeletal muscle relaxants? | Cyclobenzaprine, benzodiazepine, metaxalone, tizanidine
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| What is benzodiazepine used for? | muscle relaxant and anticonvulsants
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| What are the ADEs of cyclobenzaprine? | Blurred vision, drowsy, dizzy, GI
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| What is metaxalone used for? | musculoskeletal pain
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| What is tizanidine used for? | spasms related to MS or spinal cord injuries
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| What are the ADEs of tizanidine? | blurred vision, GI, cardiac
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| What are 5 anticonvulsants? | phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, benzodiazepine, topiramate
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| What is phenytoin used for? | generalized seizures
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| what are the ocular side effects of phenytoin? | nystagmus, diplopia, blurred vision
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| What is carbamazepine used for? | epilepsy, trigeminal neuraligia, neuropathic pain, bipolar disorder
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| What are the ADEs of carbamazepine? | blurred vision, diplopia, anemia, GI, hepatitis, hyponatremia
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| Should you always check for drug:drug interactions if someone is on an anticonvulsant? | yes
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| What is valproic acid for? | epilepsy, migranine, bipolar
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| What are the ADEs of valproic acid? | liver failure, weight gain, pancreatitis, N/V, blood dyscrasias, amblyopia, blurred/spotty vision, nystagmus
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| What is benzodiazepine for? | epilepticus, serizures, sedation, muscle relaxat
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| What is topiramate for? | partial or generalized seizures, migraine
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| What are the ocular side effects of topiramate? | diplopia, conjunctivitis, myopia
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| What are two drugs for parkinsons? | pramipexole, ropinirole
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| Can abnormal vision occur in people taking parkinsons drugs such as pramipexole or ropinirole? | Yes
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| When should pramipexole or ropinirole be used? | after sinemet/carbidopa no longer works
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| What are the ocular side effects of levodopa/carbidopa/sinemet? | blepharospasm and oculogyric crisis (eye rotate)
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| What are the ADEs of ropinirole? | abnormal vision, xerophthalmia .(eyes can't produce tears), hypotension
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| What are H2 receptor antagonists used for? | peptic ulcer disease, GERD, duodenal and gastric ulcers.
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| What are the H2 receptor ADEs? | headache, diarrhea, rash, blood dyscrasias
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| Ranitidine is used for what? | H2 receptor antagnoist
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| Famotidine is used for what? | H2 receptor antagnoist
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| Epoetin is used for what? | anemia of chronic renal failure,reduction of blood transfusion in surgical patients
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| What are the ocular ADEs of phenothiazines | blurred vision, corneal and lenticular changes, epithelial keratopahty, pigmentary retinopathy
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| What are the 5 phenothiazines? | chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine
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| What are chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine used for? | psychotic disorders
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| What is olanzapine used for? | bipolar mania, schizophrenia
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| What are the ocular ADEs of olanzapine? | amblyopia, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, eye hemorrhage
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| What is quetiapine used for? | schizophrenia, acute bipiloar mania and depression
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| What are the ocular ADEs of quetiapine | blurred vision and amblyopia
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| sertraline (zoloft) is what type of affective disorder medication? | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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| What are the ocular ADEs of sertraline (zoloft)? | vision abnormalities, cataracts, blindness, oculogyric crisis, optic neuritis
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| What is venlafaxine (effexor) used for? | affect disorders
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| venlafaxine is what type fo affective disorder medication? | serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
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| what are the ocular ADEs of venlafaxine? | blurred vision, cataracts, mydriasis, eye hemorrhage
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| What is bupropion (wellbutrin) used for? | depression or smoking cessation
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| What are the ocular ADEs of bupropion? | blurry vision, diplopia, dry eye
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| What is alprazolam used for? | anxiety
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| What is the ocular side effect of alprazolam? | diplopia
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| What is dextroamphetan used for? | ADD, narcolepsy
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| What are the ADEs of dextroamphetan? | mydriasis, tachycardia, irritability, tolerance, seizures
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| Name the four H2 receptor antagonists for gastrointestinal problems | cimetidine, ranitidine, nizatidine, famotidine
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| Whats the root word for gastrointestinal/H2 receptor antagonist drugs? | tidine
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| What are the ocular ADEs of H2 receptor antagonists? | blurred vision, optic neuritis, ocular irriation
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| Proton pump inhibitors are used to treat what? | GERD, ulcers
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| Four proton pump inhibitor drugs for GERD/ulcers are what? | omeprazole, lanoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole
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| Omeprazole is for what? | GERD, ulcers
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| lanoprazole is for what? | GERD, ulcers
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| esomeprazole is for what? | GERD, ulcers
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| pantoprazole is for what? | GERD, ulcers
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| what is the root word for proton pump inhibitors that work for GERD/ulcers? | prazole
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| Which proton pump inhibitor doesn't interact with ampicillin? | pantoprazole
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| What is omeprazoles ocular ADEs? | blurry, optic neuritis, ocular irritation, optic atrophy, dry eyes
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| What is lanoprazoles ocular ADEs? | photophobia, dry eye, visual field defect
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| What are esomeprazoles ocular ADEs? | blurry, conjunctivitis
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| What are pantoprazoles ocular ADEs? | blurry, decreased vision, optic neuropathy, conjunctivitis
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| mesalamine is used for what? | inflammatory bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, crohns disease
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| What are mesalamines ocular ADEs? | conjunctivitis, eye pain and vision abnormalities
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
sbixby
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